{
 "page": "bathroom-styles-and-fixtures-central-ohio-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/bathroom-styles-and-fixtures-central-ohio-by-era.html",
 "title": "The Central Ohio bathroom, era by era: fixtures, finishes and what people choose now",
 "record": "kb-wave-ten-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Period Homes writes that as running water and soil plumbing entered houses in the 1880s they primed the evolution of a totally new kind of room.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "As running water and soil plumbing wormed their way into houses in the 1880s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "Period Homes says it took manufacturers until the late 1880s to get porcelain enamel to stick to metal without delaminating, which is what made enameled tubs practical for ordinary households.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "it took manufacturers like the J.L.Mott Iron Works in the late-1880s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "Traditional Building records a shower appearing in an 1898 plumbing catalog and calls it a very early entry into the modern bathroom.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This 1898 catalog featured three different bathroom showers, a very early entry",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Period Homes says showers were uncommon in houses before the 1920s and that the ones that existed were not meant for washing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "they were uncommon before the 1920s for two surprising reasons",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Period Homes says that by 1900 glazed all-white tile work had become the essential weapon against dirt and invisible microbes in the bathroom.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "glazed, all-white tile work became the essential weapon",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The National Park Service records that larger rectangular white glazed tiles were used for bathroom walls and wainscot while the small white unglazed tiles went on the floor.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "were used for bathroom walls or",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "Period Homes says the standard for early twentieth century bathroom walls became three-by-six-inch glazed white tile laid in running bond with fine grout lines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "bathroom walls became 3 x 6 in. glazed white tile laid in running bond",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says colored tiles were also popular, especially for bathrooms, and Period Homes puts the turn from white to color at the end of the First World War.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Colored tiles were also popular, especially for bathrooms",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Period Homes says nickel plating was the normal bathroom fitting finish after 1900, and that chrome, a harder metal, surpassed it once plating methods were perfected in the mid-1920s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "led nickel to be surpassed by chromium, which is a harder metal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The National Park Service writes that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century Zanesville, Ohio was the largest center for pottery and tile making in the world.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Zanesville, Ohio, was the largest center for pottery and tile-making in the world",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The National Park Service names the Mosaic Tile Company and the American Encaustic Tiling Company, established in 1876, among the Zanesville tile factories.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The American Encaustic Tiling Company, established in 1876",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says the American Encaustic Tiling Company was the largest tile company in the world in the early 1930s and closed about 1935 as a result of the Depression.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In the early 1930s it was the largest tile company in the world",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Kohler's own company history dates the industry's first one-piece, built-in bath with an integral apron to 1911, and Period Homes gives the same year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "first one-piece, built-in bath with an integral apron",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co. (KOHLER Archives, the company's own history site)",
     "title": "Timeline - KOHLER Archives",
     "url": "https://kohlerarchives.com/timeline/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Period Homes says the built-in tub was commonly made five feet long and that spanning it across a five-foot-square room created the compact bathroom of wall-hung lavatory, toilet and tub-shower.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Commonly made as a 5-ft.-long unit",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Period Homes says the reason for enclosing the tub was sanitary: makers were looking for ways to avoid the hard-to-clean spaces under and behind footed tubs.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "looked for ways to avoid the hard-to-clean spaces under and behind footed tubs",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
     "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
     "published": "2017-08-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "1900 - 1920 Salesman's Sample Porcelain Bathtub, object 1980.0823.01",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_581228",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Kohler enameled plumbing ware: catalog F (1922 trade catalog)",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/KohlerEnameledPlumbingWareCatalogF",
     "published": "1922"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Kohler's own company history dates its colored plumbing fixtures to 1927, while the catalog that announced them, Color charm enters the bathroom, is dated 1928 in the Building Technology Heritage Library.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Kohler Co. offers cast iron and vitreous china plumbing products in matching pastel colors",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co. (KOHLER Archives, the company's own history site)",
     "title": "Timeline - KOHLER Archives",
     "url": "https://kohlerarchives.com/timeline/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Company, in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Color charm enters the bathroom (trade catalog)",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/ColorCharmEntersTheBathroom",
     "published": "1928"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Traditional Building lists the first generation of Kohler color fixtures as horizon blue, old ivory, spring green, lavender and autumn brown, with a sixth color.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "horizon blue, old ivory, spring green, lavender, autumn brown",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "Traditional Building says the evolution of colored bathroom fixtures started in the 1920s and that other manufacturers quickly followed Kohler.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the evolution of colored bathroom fixtures, which started in the 1920s and continues today",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co. (KOHLER Archives, the company's own history site)",
     "title": "Timeline - KOHLER Archives",
     "url": "https://kohlerarchives.com/timeline/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "Traditional Building says the simple three-fixture bathroom of toilet, sink and bathtub was all that was needed for low-cost homes and was common in the millions of houses built immediately after the Second World War.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "common for the millions of new home constructed immediately following WWII",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Traditional Building says that by the 1950s the pink bathroom was available from most plumbing fixture companies.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By the 1950s the pink bathroom was available from most plumbing fixture companies.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The federal rehabilitation guide says an enameled steel tub is not as strong or durable as enameled cast iron and tends to chip more easily.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the steel tub base is not as strong or durable",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
     "published": "1999-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The federal rehabilitation guide says enameled cast iron tubs are heavy, durable and quiet and will last indefinitely, though the enamel can chip if a hard blow bends the base.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "cast iron tubs are heavy, durable, and quiet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
     "published": "1999-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Ohio History Connection says that between 1947 and 1950 the Lustron Corporation built more than 2,000 porcelain steel homes in its Columbus factory.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Between 1947 and 1950, the Lustron Corporation built more than 2,000 porcelain steel homes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
     "title": "Collections Spotlight: Lustron Homes",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/manuscripts-audiovisual-collections/collection-spotlight-lustron/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Tennessee state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Caldwell Lustron House, Union City, Obion County, Tennessee",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/4735c2eb-7e87-445a-a590-2270e74285a2",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "National Register nominations describe the Lustron bathroom as lined in two-foot-square porcelain-enameled steel panels, in tan and light gray in one documented house.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Panels in the kitchen, utility room, and bathroom are two-feet square.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1692 Brewer Blvd. SW Lustron House, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/2fe6d83b-e994-4509-a5c1-d366b9cc0bbc",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 711 Ninth Avenue Lustron House, Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/b46b528a-546b-43da-a129-28084ea25e6e",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "A National Register nomination records that the bathroom of a Lustron house has a porcelain-enameled steel pocket door that slides and rolls on an overhead track with no protruding hardware.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "bathroom have steel porcelain-enameled flush pocket doors which slide and roll",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1692 Brewer Blvd. SW Lustron House, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/2fe6d83b-e994-4509-a5c1-d366b9cc0bbc",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "National Register nominations record the original Lustron bathtub as a stamped steel tub a little over five feet long, set into the bathroom.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The original stamped steel bathtub measuring 5' 1 1/2\" remains.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1692 Brewer Blvd. SW Lustron House, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/2fe6d83b-e994-4509-a5c1-d366b9cc0bbc",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 711 Ninth Avenue Lustron House, Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/b46b528a-546b-43da-a129-28084ea25e6e",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Tennessee state office)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Caldwell Lustron House, Union City, Obion County, Tennessee",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/4735c2eb-7e87-445a-a590-2270e74285a2",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "Fine Homebuilding writes that until the 1960s carrying a heavy tub up to an upper-floor bathroom was routine, and that a boom in plastics changed it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Until the 1960s, a knee-buckling delivery of a heavy tub",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Fine Homebuilding (The Taunton Press)",
     "title": "Plastic Tub-Showers, by Scott Gibson, issue 119",
     "url": "https://www.finehomebuilding.com/1998/11/01/plastic-tub-showers",
     "published": "1998-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "Fine Homebuilding says one-piece plastic tub-showers are limited by their size to new construction, and that a remodeler's unit comes in three or four separate pieces small enough to fit through a finished house.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "one-piece fixtures, limited by their size to new construction",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Fine Homebuilding (The Taunton Press)",
     "title": "Plastic Tub-Showers, by Scott Gibson, issue 119",
     "url": "https://www.finehomebuilding.com/1998/11/01/plastic-tub-showers",
     "published": "1998-11-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Patent and Trademark Office",
     "title": "United States Patent 3,827,086, Bathtub and Wall Enclosure, assigned to Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation",
     "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US3827086A/en",
     "published": "1974-08-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "Fine Homebuilding and the federal rehabilitation guide agree that a plastic tub-shower is either fiberglass-reinforced plastic with a polyester gel-coat surface or molded acrylic.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Fiberglass is the backing material used to reinforce the polyester gel-coat finish surface.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Fine Homebuilding (The Taunton Press)",
     "title": "Plastic Tub-Showers, by Scott Gibson, issue 119",
     "url": "https://www.finehomebuilding.com/1998/11/01/plastic-tub-showers",
     "published": "1998-11-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
     "published": "1999-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The federal rehabilitation guide describes cultured stone, also called cast polymer, as chips of natural stone set in a polyester resin.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "made from chips of natural stone embedded in a polyester resin",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
     "published": "1999-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Traditional Building says the bathroom sink set in a cabinet, the vanity, was a mid-twentieth-century development, and that laminate countertops were another innovation of that era.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The use of laminate countertops was another innovation of this era.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "In the National Association of Home Builders survey published as What Home Buyers Really Want, 2024 edition, 14 of 18 bathroom features were rated essential or desirable by half or more of buyers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "14 of the 18 features rated as either essential/must-have or desirable",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders (Eye On Housing, NAHB's economic research blog)",
     "title": "Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms",
     "url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2024/09/home-buyers-are-looking-for-amenity-loaded-kitchens-and-bathrooms/",
     "published": "2024-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The same National Association of Home Builders survey put the three highest-rated bathroom features at both a shower and a tub in the primary bathroom, 78 percent, a linen closet, 76 percent, and a private toilet compartment, 70 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "both a shower & tub (78%), a linen closet (76%)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders (Eye On Housing, NAHB's economic research blog)",
     "title": "Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms",
     "url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2024/09/home-buyers-are-looking-for-amenity-loaded-kitchens-and-bathrooms/",
     "published": "2024-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "In the National Kitchen and Bath Association's 2026 Bath Trends Report, 55 percent of the industry professionals surveyed said a larger shower matters more than having a bathtub.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a larger shower size is more important than having a bathtub",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA | KBIS)",
     "title": "NKBA | KBIS Releases Annual 2026 Bath Trends Report (press release)",
     "url": "https://kb-media.nkba.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/FINAL_2026-Bath-Trends-Report-Press-Release.pdf",
     "published": "2025-11-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "In Houzz's 2025 survey of homeowners on its own site, 26 percent removed the tub in a bathroom renovation, 34 percent upgraded one, 9 percent kept the one they had and 25 percent never had one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Among the rest, 9% keep the tub, 26% remove it",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "2025 U.S. Houzz Bathroom Trends Study",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/2025-u-s-houzz-bathroom-trends-study-stsetivw-vs~183227801",
     "published": "2025-09-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, 82 percent of the homeowners who took the tub out used the space to enlarge the shower.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "82% enlarge their shower and 20% relocate it",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, low-curb showers were the most common choice at 44 percent, alcove showers 42 percent and curbless showers 20 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "homeowners favor low-curb (44%) and alcove (42%) models, with curbless showers trailing at 20%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, 46 percent kept the shower the same size while 18 percent made it more than half again bigger.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "nearly half of homeowners (46%) stick with the same size",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, freestanding flat-bottom tubs were the most popular tub chosen at 45 percent and alcove tubs 40 percent, while corner tubs took 2 percent and deck-mounted tubs 6 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Freestanding flat-bottom tubs remain the most popular choice, selected by 45%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, tile went on 79 percent of shower floors, led by porcelain at 39 percent and ceramic at 26 percent, and white was the most common shower wall color at 36 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Tile rules shower floors, with 79% of renovating homeowners opting for it.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, wet rooms accounted for one in six renovated bathrooms, and half the homeowners who built one said it was to make better use of space.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "wet rooms now account for 1 in 6 renovated bathrooms (16%)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "2025 U.S. Houzz Bathroom Trends Study",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/2025-u-s-houzz-bathroom-trends-study-stsetivw-vs~183227801",
     "published": "2025-09-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "In AARP's 2024 Home and Community Preferences survey of 3,090 adults age 18 and older, 75 percent of the respondents age 50 and older said they would like to live in their current home for as long as possible.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "would like to live in their current home (75 percent) and community (73 percent)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "AARP",
     "title": "Home and Community Preferences and Future Possibilities (2024 Home and Community Preferences Survey)",
     "url": "https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/livable-communities/housing/2024-home-community-preferences/",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "In the same AARP survey, 72 percent of those planning home modifications said they were looking to upgrade the bathroom.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "72 percent are looking to upgrade the bathroom (grab bars and no-slip tile)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "AARP",
     "title": "Home and Community Preferences and Future Possibilities (2024 Home and Community Preferences Survey)",
     "url": "https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/livable-communities/housing/2024-home-community-preferences/",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies reports that in 2022 and 2023, 3.7 percent of owners took on at least one project to make their home more accessible, up from 2.8 percent in 2018 and 2019.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "undertook one or more improvement projects to make their homes more accessible",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University",
     "title": "Improving America's Housing 2025",
     "url": "https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/reports/files/Harvard_JCHS_Improving_Americas_Housing_2025.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies reports, citing the National Association of Home Builders, that among remodelers doing accessibility work in 2023, 93 percent installed grab bars, 83 percent curbless showers and 77 percent higher toilets.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "93 percent of these remodelers installing grab bars; 83 percent, curbless showers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University",
     "title": "Improving America's Housing 2025",
     "url": "https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/reports/files/Harvard_JCHS_Improving_Americas_Housing_2025.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "In Houzz's 2025 survey, 68 percent of renovating homeowners said they considered special needs in the bathroom project, a share up 4 points from the year before.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "More than two-thirds of homeowners (68%) consider special needs in their bathroom projects",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "2025 U.S. Houzz Bathroom Trends Study",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/2025-u-s-houzz-bathroom-trends-study-stsetivw-vs~183227801",
     "published": "2025-09-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "In the National Kitchen and Bath Association's 2026 survey of industry professionals, 32 percent said aging-in-place design is now a mainstream trend and 48 percent said it is on its way to becoming one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "32% agree that aging-in-place is now a mainstream trend",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA | KBIS)",
     "title": "NKBA | KBIS Releases Annual 2026 Bath Trends Report (press release)",
     "url": "https://kb-media.nkba.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/FINAL_2026-Bath-Trends-Report-Press-Release.pdf",
     "published": "2025-11-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "The federal rehabilitation guide already recorded in 1999 that where space is tight the tub, if it is not the only one in the home, is often exchanged for an oversized shower with a seat and grab bars.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "often exchanged for an oversized shower",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
     "published": "1999-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "The National Park Service treats bathrooms as secondary spaces in a historic building, which it says may accept greater change in the course of work without compromising the building's historic character.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "may accept greater change in the course of work",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-18-interiors.pdf",
     "published": "1988"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says installing new plumbing or attaching new fixtures may be one of the most common sources of damage to a historic ceramic tile floor, and that earlier work to remove old pipes or replace out-dated bathroom fixtures may have cost a floor its tiles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "may be one of the most common sources of damage",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C60",
   "claim": "Kohler's own catalog of 1917 advertises a one-piece built-in bath tub, made in recess, wall and corner patterns and offered with a shower over it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "ONE-PIECE Built-In Bath Tub with slope end.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Kohler of Kohler, enameled plumbing ware (1917 trade catalog)",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/kohlerco.1917_201907",
     "published": "1917"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C61",
   "claim": "Kohler's own catalog of 1922 lists its built-in bath tubs in four lengths over the rim, fifty-four, sixty, sixty-six and seventy-two inches, and the model bathrooms it illustrates use the sixty-inch tub.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Length over rim 54 60 66 72 inches",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Kohler enameled plumbing ware: catalog F (1922 trade catalog)",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/KohlerEnameledPlumbingWareCatalogF",
     "published": "1922"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C62",
   "claim": "The same 1922 Kohler catalog illustrates model bathrooms at six by eight, seven by eight and eight by twelve feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Size of room 7x8 feet.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Kohler enameled plumbing ware: catalog F (1922 trade catalog)",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/KohlerEnameledPlumbingWareCatalogF",
     "published": "1922"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C63",
   "claim": "Kohler's own company history says its first plumbing product was an enameled cast iron trough, sold as a bathtub in 1883.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "sold as a bathtub, the first plumbing product manufactured by Kohler Co.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Kohler Co. (KOHLER Archives, the company's own history site)",
     "title": "Timeline - KOHLER Archives",
     "url": "https://kohlerarchives.com/timeline/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C64",
   "claim": "The Smithsonian's National Museum of American History records that by the early twentieth century advice manuals and sanitary specialists preached against heavy free-standing tubs, and that bathtub manufacturers began to market built-in tubs.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "advice manuals and sanitary specialists preached against the heavy, free standing tubs",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "1900 - 1920 Salesman's Sample Porcelain Bathtub, object 1980.0823.01",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_581228",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C65",
   "claim": "A United States patent granted in 1974 to the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation records that a one-piece bathtub and wall enclosure has to be put into a bathroom while the bathroom is being built, whereas a multi-piece assembly can be installed almost anywhere and at almost any time.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "must be put into a bathroom during the construction of the bathroom",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Patent and Trademark Office",
     "title": "United States Patent 3,827,086, Bathtub and Wall Enclosure, assigned to Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation",
     "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US3827086A/en",
     "published": "1974-08-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C66",
   "claim": "In the same Houzz survey, white was the most common countertop color in renovated bathrooms, appearing in 48 percent of them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "White leads the pack, appearing in 48% of renovated bathrooms",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Houzz",
     "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
     "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C67",
   "claim": "Traditional Building records a plan catalog of about 1955, published in Columbus, Ohio and held in the Building Technology Heritage Library, whose bathroom and kitchen designs were aimed at people remodeling.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Bathroom and kitchen designs were featured in this",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
     "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
     "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
     "published": "2023-05-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Internet Archive, Building Technology Heritage Library (catalog record)",
     "title": "Give your home new value and exciting change - Nationaline planalog, trade catalog, about 1955",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/GiveYourHomeNewValue-NationalinePlanalog",
     "published": "c. 1955"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C20",
   "a": "1927, the year Kohler's own company history gives for cast iron and vitreous china plumbing products in matching pastel colors",
   "a_source": "S20 (KOHLER Archives timeline, the company's own history)",
   "b": "1928, the year Traditional Building gives for Kohler's first line of colored plumbing fixtures, and the year the Building Technology Heritage Library assigns to the catalog Color charm enters the bathroom",
   "b_source": "S9 (Traditional Building, 2023) and S10 (the catalog record in the Building Technology Heritage Library)",
   "printed": "PRINT BOTH, each attributed. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: the researcher's resolution is REVERSED IN PART. It rested on Kohler's own site being unreadable; the company's history is readable at kohlerarchives.com, a different host that returns 200 to a plain curl, and it says 1927. The two dates are not the same fact: 1927 is the year Kohler says it offered the colors, 1928 is the year of the catalog that announced them, and the same Traditional Building article hedges in its own caption to 'beginning in the late 1920s'. The brief's 1927 was right. Do not print a single introduction year and do not print 1928 as the year Kohler introduced color."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C29",
   "a": "Between 1947 and 1950 the Lustron Corporation built more than 2,000 porcelain steel homes in its Columbus factory",
   "a_source": "S7 (Ohio History Connection)",
   "b": "2,500 houses, produced 'during two years of production'; the federal loan was approved June 30, 1947, the documented house arrived May 1949, foreclosure began January 1950 and the auction was June 6, 1950",
   "b_source": "S6 (National Register nomination, Caldwell Lustron House, Tennessee)",
   "printed": "PRINT THE OHIO HISTORY CONNECTION'S RANGE AND FIGURE, ATTRIBUTED, and say a National Register nomination gives 2,500. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: the status was verified and is now conflict. The nomination is not a second source for this claim: it gives a different count and, read closely, a different production window - two years ending in 1950, with 1947 the year of the loan approval and of Strandlund procuring the Columbus plant, not of production. Brief A and brief B own this fact; use their number over this one if they disagree."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C18",
   "a": "The built-in tub was commonly made as a five-foot unit, spanning a five-foot-square space",
   "a_source": "S8 (Period Homes, 2017)",
   "b": "Kohler's own 1922 catalog stocks the built-in tub in four lengths over the rim - 54, 60, 66 and 72 inches - and illustrates model bathrooms at 6x8, 7x8 and 8x12 feet",
   "b_source": "S19 (Kohler enameled plumbing ware: catalog F, 1922)",
   "printed": "PRINT BOTH. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: conflict added by the verifier. The trade article gives the design convention and the maker's own dated catalog gives the stocked range, and they are not the same statement. Five feet was the common length, not the standard one, and the five-by-five room is the tightest case rather than the usual room. A page that prints 'the standard five-foot tub in a five-by-seven bathroom' has taken one figure from a trade article, one from nowhere, and joined them."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C32",
   "a": "The built-in tub was commonly made as a five-foot unit",
   "a_source": "S8 (Period Homes, 2017)",
   "b": "Original Lustron tubs measured 5 feet and a half inch, and 5 feet 1 and a half inches",
   "b_source": "S4 and S5 (National Register nominations, Georgia)",
   "printed": "Print both, in that order. The trade publication gives the design convention and the nominations give measured examples from two houses, which is a stronger pairing than either alone. The half inch and the inch and a half are the flange and the finished dimension, not a different tub length, and the page should say five feet rather than pretend to that precision. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: confirmed at both nominations; note that both were nominated by the Georgia state office, so they are one state's documentation and not two."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C34",
   "a": "The shift away from the heavy cast iron tub began in the 1960s, with the boom in plastics",
   "a_source": "S11 (Fine Homebuilding, 1998)",
   "b": "The site's own systems page places the one-piece fiberglass unit in houses of the 1970s and 1980s",
   "b_source": "columbus-suburban-website/common-shower-systems-columbus.html (not a source; the page being tested)",
   "printed": "Print the source's decade, the 1960s, for the material, and keep the site's decade only as a statement about the Central Ohio housing stock, which is a different claim and is not sourced. When a material arrives and when it becomes the ordinary thing in a given suburb are two different dates, and only the first has a source. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: unchanged and correct; the 1974 Owens-Corning patent (S22) shows the one-piece unit established in the market by the early 1970s, which sits between the two and settles neither."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Brief 40: Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
   "published": "1996"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Brief 18: Rehabilitating Interiors in Historic Buildings",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-18-interiors.pdf",
   "published": "1988"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
   "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 6: Kitchens and Baths",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/kitchen.pdf",
   "published": "1999-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1692 Brewer Blvd. SW Lustron House, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/2fe6d83b-e994-4509-a5c1-d366b9cc0bbc",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Georgia state office)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 711 Ninth Avenue Lustron House, Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/b46b528a-546b-43da-a129-28084ea25e6e",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (nominated by the Tennessee state office)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Caldwell Lustron House, Union City, Obion County, Tennessee",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/4735c2eb-7e87-445a-a590-2270e74285a2",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
   "title": "Collections Spotlight: Lustron Homes",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/manuscripts-audiovisual-collections/collection-spotlight-lustron/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Period Homes (Active Interest Media)",
   "title": "Historic Bathrooms: An Evolution, by Gordon Bock",
   "url": "https://www.period-homes.com/product-reports/historic-bathrooms",
   "published": "2017-08-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Traditional Building (Active Interest Media)",
   "title": "Building Technology Heritage Library: Bathrooms, by Mike Jackson",
   "url": "https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/building-technology-heritage-library-bathrooms",
   "published": "2023-05-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Kohler Company, in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
   "title": "Color charm enters the bathroom (trade catalog)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/ColorCharmEntersTheBathroom",
   "published": "1928"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Fine Homebuilding (The Taunton Press)",
   "title": "Plastic Tub-Showers, by Scott Gibson, issue 119",
   "url": "https://www.finehomebuilding.com/1998/11/01/plastic-tub-showers",
   "published": "1998-11-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders (Eye On Housing, NAHB's economic research blog)",
   "title": "Home Buyers Are Looking for Amenity Loaded Kitchens and Bathrooms",
   "url": "https://eyeonhousing.org/2024/09/home-buyers-are-looking-for-amenity-loaded-kitchens-and-bathrooms/",
   "published": "2024-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Houzz",
   "title": "2025 U.S. Houzz Bathroom Trends Study",
   "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/2025-u-s-houzz-bathroom-trends-study-stsetivw-vs~183227801",
   "published": "2025-09-23"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Houzz",
   "title": "See the Bathroom Features Homeowners Want Most in 2025",
   "url": "https://www.houzz.com/magazine/see-the-bathroom-features-homeowners-want-most-in-2025-stsetivw-vs~183189837",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "National Kitchen and Bath Association (NKBA | KBIS)",
   "title": "NKBA | KBIS Releases Annual 2026 Bath Trends Report (press release)",
   "url": "https://kb-media.nkba.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/FINAL_2026-Bath-Trends-Report-Press-Release.pdf",
   "published": "2025-11-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University",
   "title": "Improving America's Housing 2025",
   "url": "https://www.jchs.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/reports/files/Harvard_JCHS_Improving_Americas_Housing_2025.pdf",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "AARP",
   "title": "Home and Community Preferences and Future Possibilities (2024 Home and Community Preferences Survey)",
   "url": "https://www.aarp.org/pri/topics/livable-communities/housing/2024-home-community-preferences/",
   "published": "2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
   "title": "Kohler of Kohler, enameled plumbing ware (1917 trade catalog)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/kohlerco.1917_201907",
   "published": "1917"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Kohler Co., in the Building Technology Heritage Library at the Internet Archive",
   "title": "Kohler enameled plumbing ware: catalog F (1922 trade catalog)",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/KohlerEnameledPlumbingWareCatalogF",
   "published": "1922"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Kohler Co. (KOHLER Archives, the company's own history site)",
   "title": "Timeline - KOHLER Archives",
   "url": "https://kohlerarchives.com/timeline/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
   "title": "1900 - 1920 Salesman's Sample Porcelain Bathtub, object 1980.0823.01",
   "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/object/nmah_581228",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "United States Patent and Trademark Office",
   "title": "United States Patent 3,827,086, Bathtub and Wall Enclosure, assigned to Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation",
   "url": "https://patents.google.com/patent/US3827086A/en",
   "published": "1974-08-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Internet Archive, Building Technology Heritage Library (catalog record)",
   "title": "Give your home new value and exciting change - Nationaline planalog, trade catalog, about 1955",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/GiveYourHomeNewValue-NationalinePlanalog",
   "published": "c. 1955"
  }
 ]
}