{
 "page": "central-ohio-floods-dams-levees-and-floodwalls.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/central-ohio-floods-dams-levees-and-floodwalls.html",
 "title": "Central Ohio floods, and the dams, levees and floodwalls built after them",
 "record": "kb-wave-thirteen-codes-wiring-floods-and-heating-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The National Weather Service's gage for the Scioto River at Columbus is the one it calls Scioto River at Frank Road, which reads the U.S. Geological Survey's station 03227500, and its highest crest is 27.22 feet on January 22, 1959, at 68,200 cubic feet per second.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Scioto River at Frank Road",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River at Frank Road, gauge COLO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/colo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "National Water Information System site file, expanded records for seven Central Ohio stations",
     "url": "https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/?sites=03227500,03226800,03229000,03229500,03230700,03221000,03225500&siteOutput=expanded&format=rdb",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The Service prints four flood categories for that gage: action stage 16 feet, minor flood stage 24 feet, moderate 25 feet and major 27 feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Major flood category",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River at Frank Road, gauge COLO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/colo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The Service's crest list for the Frank Road gage holds 58 crests and its earliest is March 29, 1921; the March 1913 flood is not on it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1921-03-29",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River at Frank Road, gauge COLO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/colo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River at Columbus 5th Avenue, gauge SFAO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/sfao1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Geological Survey's annual peak file for the same station does list March 25, 1913, at 138,000 cubic feet per second, and flags that figure as an estimate and as a historic peak.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1913-03-25",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "National Water Information System annual peak streamflow files for five Central Ohio stations",
     "url": "https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/oh/nwis/peak?site_no=03227500&agency_cd=USGS&format=rdb",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Circular 418 says the maximum stage previously known at that station was 25.9 feet on March 25, 1913, and warns that the stage is not comparable with present gage heights because of later channel improvement and levee construction.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This stage is not comparable with present gage heights",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The Federal Emergency Management Agency's flood insurance study for Franklin County says the Columbus gage was not at its present location in 1913 to record that year's March flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Columbus gage was not at its present location in 1913",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The Service's Olentangy gage is Olentangy River near Worthington, the Survey's station 03226800; its highest crest is 15.68 feet on January 21, 1959, at 16,500 cubic feet per second, and its four category stages are 8, 11, 13 and 15 feet.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Olentangy River near Worthington",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Olentangy River near Worthington, gauge WRTO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/wrto1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The Franklin County flood study says the 1952 and 1959 floods crested at that gage at 757.9 and 758.28 feet NAVD88, at 15,100 and 16,500 cubic feet per second, and that no gage records exist there for the March 1913 flood of record.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No gage records are available for the March 1913 flood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Service keeps gage records for Alum Creek at Columbus and for Big Walnut Creek at Rees, but neither carries a historic crest list or any flood category at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "\"historic\":  [],",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Alum Creek at Columbus, gauge CLMO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/clmo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Big Walnut Creek at Rees, gauge REEO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/reeo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The Survey puts the January 22, 1959, peak at Big Walnut Creek at Rees at 59,800 cubic feet per second and 22.03 feet, and says the maximum stage known there before 1959 was 20.5 feet on March 25, 1913, measured three-tenths of a mile upstream.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Maximum stage known prior to 1959, 20.5 ft Mar. 25, 1913",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "National Water Information System annual peak streamflow files for five Central Ohio stations",
     "url": "https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/oh/nwis/peak?site_no=03227500&agency_cd=USGS&format=rdb",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Circular 418 records that flow at the Rees gage has been regulated by Hoover Reservoir since September 1954, and that Columbus began diverting water above the gage for part of its municipal supply on June 15, 1956.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Flow regulated by Hoover Reservoir beginning September 1954",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The Franklin County flood study gives the flood of record for Alum Creek in Columbus as January 22, 1959, at 752.6 feet NAVD88 at the Livingston Avenue gage, in operation since January 1, 1924, except for 1936 and 1937.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The flood of record for Alum Creek in the Columbus area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The Service's crest list for the Scioto River at Circleville holds 129 crests, the longest of any Central Ohio gage on its site, and reaches back to 1913, with a highest crest of 28.2 feet on March 26, 1913, flagged as an old datum, and a second of 26.17 feet on January 22, 1959.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Scioto River at Circleville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River at Circleville, gauge CRCO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/crco1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Circular 418 says records of stage at Circleville run from 1833 to the date of the report, and that they tend to confirm that the 1959 flood, without storage effect, would be the second worst in history.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "records of stage at Circleville, from 1833 to date",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "On the Scioto River near Dublin, below O'Shaughnessy Dam, the Service's highest crest is 24.6 feet on March 25, 1913, and the second is 22.04 feet on January 22, 1959.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Scioto River near Dublin",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Scioto River near Dublin, gauge DUBO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/dubo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "On the Olentangy River near Delaware the Service's highest crest is 25.5 feet on March 25, 1913, and the next is 14.9 feet on March 21, 1917.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "reached a stage of 25.5 feet at U.S. Weather Bureau gage",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
     "title": "Olentangy River near Delaware, gauge DELO1",
     "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/delo1",
     "published": "2026-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
     "published": "2009-04-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Circular 418 says that at Columbus a levee along Dry Run was overtopped by the river, releasing water into the west side of the city, while Alum and Big Walnut Creeks in the eastern part of the city were at unprecedented stages.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a levee along Dry Run, a small tributary of the Scioto River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The same report counts, for Columbus in that flood, two dwellings destroyed and more than 100 badly damaged, with gas service interrupted for several days because of water in the lines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Two dwellings were destroyed, and more than 100 were badly damaged",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Circular 418 concludes that the 1959 floods were generally second only to the 1913 flood throughout a large part of Ohio, and that at several points the 1959 peaks exceeded those of 1913.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "generally second only to the 1913 flood throughout a large part of Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Paint Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Paint-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Circular 418 says that on the Scioto River at Columbus the 1898 flood of 75,000 cubic feet per second is the greatest flood of record before 1913.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the 1898 flood of 75,000 cfs is the greatest flood of record",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says its water reservoirs and dams were built for drinking water storage and not for flood control.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The reservoirs were built for drinking water storage and not flood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The city says that when its in-stream reservoirs fill after rain or melting snow they were designed so the excess spills over the dams to the waterway below, and that at Hoover there is a limited amount of control by lowering and raising gates, but only by a few feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a limited amount of control by lowering and raising gates at the dam",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "Circular 418 records that the three water-supply reservoirs of the city of Columbus had slight controlling effect in January 1959 because their design did not include flood storage capacities, while Delaware Reservoir, the one flood-control reservoir in the Scioto basin, stored all the runoff from 381 square miles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "had slight controlling effect inasmuch as",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The city's own two accounts of Griggs Dam do not agree: its water supply timeline says construction began in 1904 and dates the dedication to 1908, while its reservoirs brochure says the reservoir was put into service in 1905.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "1904  Construction of Griggs Reservoir/dam begins",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Columbus Water Supply Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/services/public-utilities/water-historical-timeline.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Ohio's dam safety inventory lists Julian Griggs Dam in Franklin County on the Scioto River as a class I dam 52.4 feet high and 983 feet long, impounding 16,412 acre-feet, owned by the City of Columbus.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "JULIAN GRIGGS DAM",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Both City of Columbus publications date O'Shaughnessy Reservoir to 1925, while the federal dam inventory records the year completed as 1924 and the Delaware County flood study says the Olentangy record has been affected by storage in O'Shaughnessy Reservoir since November 1924.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "1925  O'Shaughnessy Reservoir/dam completed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Columbus Water Supply Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/services/public-utilities/water-historical-timeline.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
     "published": "2009-04-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "Ohio's inventory places O'Shaughnessy Reservoir Dam in Delaware County and gives it as a class I dam 91.3 feet high and 1,750 feet long impounding 45,400 acre-feet, while the federal inventory, drawing on the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, gives 79 feet, 1,510 feet and 33,000 acre-feet.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "O'SHAUGHNESSY RESERVOIR DAM",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Four government records give four different years for Hoover Dam on Big Walnut Creek: the city's water supply timeline says 1953, the Franklin County flood study says 1954, the city's reservoirs brochure says 1955 and the federal dam inventory says 1956.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "1953  Hoover Reservoir built on Big Walnut Creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Columbus Water Supply Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/services/public-utilities/water-historical-timeline.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "Ohio's inventory lists Hoover Dam in Franklin County as a class I dam 85.5 feet high and 2,583 feet long, impounding 145,079 acre-feet, owned by the City of Columbus.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "HOOVER DAM",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The Corps of Engineers says Delaware Lake was authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1938, that its Huntington District constructed the project between 1947 and 1951, and that the dam is a rolled earth fill three and a half miles long and 92 feet high controlling 386 square miles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Authorized by the Flood Control Act of 1938",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Delaware Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Delaware-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The same Corps page contradicts itself about when Delaware Dam was finished: its general description says the project was constructed between 1947 and 1951, and its historical section says dam construction was completed in July 1948.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Dam construction was completed in July, 1948",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Delaware Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Delaware-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The Delaware County flood study settles what those dates mean for the river: flow was regulated by temporary storage in Delaware Reservoir from October 1947 to March 1951 and completely regulated after March 1951.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "temporary storage in Delaware Reservoir from October 1947 to March 1951",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
     "published": "2009-04-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The Corps says Alum Creek Lake was authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 1962 and was built to reduce the flood hazard along Alum and Big Walnut Creeks, the Scioto River and the Ohio River.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "authorized by Congress in the Flood Control Act of 1962",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Alum Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Ohio/Alum-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The completion year of Alum Creek Dam is not agreed, and two flood studies of one agency disagree about it: the federal dam inventory records 1974, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Franklin County study says the dam was completed in 1964, and the same agency's Delaware County study, the one in force for the county the dam stands in, says construction was completed in 1975.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "The dam was completed in 1964",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Columbus Water Supply Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/services/public-utilities/water-historical-timeline.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001C",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001C",
     "published": "2023-12-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "Ohio's inventory lists Alum Creek Lake Dam in Delaware County as a class I dam 93 feet high and 10,000 feet long, owned by the Corps of Engineers' Huntington District.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "ALUM CREEK LAKE DAM",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The Corps says Deer Creek Lake was authorized through the Flood Control Act of 1938 and that the dam's construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1968.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "construction began in 1965 and was completed in 1968",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Deer Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Deer-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The Corps says Congress authorized Paint Creek Lake in the Flood Control Act of 1938, describes the dam as 118 feet high and 800 feet long, 37 stream miles above the meeting of Paint Creek and the Scioto at Chillicothe, and says it began construction in 1967 and completed the dam and recreation facility in 1974.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The dam is 118 feet high and 800 feet long",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Paint Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Paint-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The Corps says Congress authorized a new study of water-related problems in the Scioto basin in 1962, and that the plan the Corps then recommended led to the multi-purpose dams on Alum Creek, Deer Creek and Paint Creek, the Corps having completed Delaware Dam in 1951.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "multi-purpose dams on Alum Creek, Deer Creek, and Paint Creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Paint Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Paint-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The Corps' own account of the March 1913 flood on the Scioto counts 145 lives lost, including 93 people in Columbus and 18 in Chillicothe, and 4,000 homes flooded in Columbus.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "It took 145 lives including 93 people in Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Paint Creek Lake",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Paint-Creek-Lake/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Delaware County flood study states the limit of what the two upstream lakes do: the maximum flood protection afforded by Delaware Lake is for a 2-percent-annual-chance flood, and for Alum Creek a 183-year frequency flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "afforded by Delaware Lake is for a 2-percent-annual-chance flood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
     "published": "2009-04-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The Franklin County flood study says the Corps' Huntington District built a 7.25-mile floodwall and levee line along the west bank of the Scioto as the West Columbus Local Protection Project, also known as the Franklinton Floodwall, with a certified completion date of April 4, 2003.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It has a certified completion date of April 4, 2003",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The same study records two works near Columbus that wave nine's sheet does not: a high water bypass tunnel built during the 1960s on South Fork Dry Run, able to bypass over 900 cubic feet per second around a residential area, and a locally built levee protecting a seminary in Bexley, raised substantially after the 1959 flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A high water bypass tunnel was constructed during the 1960s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, all dams layer, queried for Franklin County",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/8",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The agency states the test a levee has to meet to count: all levees must have a minimum of three-foot freeboard against 1-percent-annual-chance flooding to be considered a safe flood protection structure.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a minimum of 3-foot freeboard against 1-percent-annual-chance flooding",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Ohio's dam safety inventory carries the Fifth Avenue Low Head Dam and the Rich Street Low Head Dam, both owned by the City of Columbus, as abandoned structures, 8 feet and 13.5 feet high.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "FIFTH AVENUE LOW HEAD DAM",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, all dams layer, queried for Franklin County",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/8",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The Franklin County flood study in force still describes a low water dam below the railroad bridge and a low water dam between Main and Broad Streets, and says these projects have a minimal effect upon flooding conditions.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "These projects have a minimal effect upon flooding conditions",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency carries the Lower Olentangy River 5th Ave. Dam Removal and Stream Restoration on its own list of Section 319 projects, numbered 11(h)EPA-18, with the Columbus Public Utilities Department as sponsor and 2014 as the year completed, and says the aquatic community there improved from non-attainment of the modified warmwater habitat criteria to fully meeting the recommended exceptional warmwater habitat criteria.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "removal of the 5th Avenue Dam on the Olentangy River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water",
     "title": "2014 and 2015 Biological and Habitat Studies of 30 Rivers and Streams in Ohio Evaluating Section 319(h) and SWIF/GLRI Projects, EAS/2018-06-03",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/documents/DRAFT_2014-2015_319Report.pdf",
     "published": "2018-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities (plan approved by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency)",
     "title": "Nine-Element Nonpoint Source Implementation Strategy for the Olentangy River - Mouth",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/nps/Approved%209-Element%20Plans/Olentangy%20River%20-%20Mouth_Ver1.0_6-23-2022.pdf",
     "published": "2022-06-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "Ohio's rule on the classification of dams, in force since June 27, 2024, divides dams into four classes and carries prior effective dates going back to April 15, 1972.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "dams are to be divided into four classes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 1501:21-13-01, Classification of dams",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-1501:21-13-01",
     "published": "2024-06-27"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The rule puts a dam in class I when its total storage volume is greater than five thousand acre-feet or its height is greater than sixty feet, class II at five hundred acre-feet or forty feet, class III at fifty acre-feet or twenty-five feet, and class IV at twenty-five feet or less with fifty acre-feet or less.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "greater than five thousand acre-feet or a height of greater than sixty feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 1501:21-13-01, Classification of dams",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-1501:21-13-01",
     "published": "2024-06-27"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Fact Sheet 94-29, Dam Safety: Classification of Structures",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/water/dam-safety/fctsht29_19%20Classification%20of%20Stuctures.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The Division of Water Resources says its classification system was modeled after the Federal Guidelines for Dam Safety established in 1979, and that the classification is not an indication of the condition of a dam.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the classification is not an indication of the condition of a dam",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Fact Sheet 94-29, Dam Safety: Classification of Structures",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/water/dam-safety/fctsht29_19%20Classification%20of%20Stuctures.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The Division says it regulates class I, class II and class III dams that are not federally owned, and its locator holds 7,180 dams in Ohio, of which 413 are class I, 579 class II and 439 class III.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "regulates Class I, II, and III dams (that are not federally-owned)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service description and layer counts",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer?f=json",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Across Franklin, Delaware, Licking, Fairfield, Union, Madison and Pickaway counties the state's locator holds 469 dams, of which 39 are class I, 48 class II and 44 class III; Franklin County's own share is 4 class I, 13 class II, 4 class III and 11 class IV.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Class I Dams",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service, all dams layer, queried for Franklin County",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/8",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
     "title": "Ohio Dams map service description and layer counts",
     "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer?f=json",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The federal dam inventory carries 126 dams in the same seven counties and rates them on a different scale, hazard potential rather than class, with 39 rated high.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Hazard Potential Classification",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
     "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
     "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
     "published": "2026-08-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Community Status Book for Ohio, reported February 4, 2025, lists 753 Ohio communities in the National Flood Insurance Program and 100 not in it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total In Flood Program",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Community Status Book Report, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/cis/OH.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "By the Federal Emergency Management Agency's Community Status Book the City of Columbus had its first flood hazard boundary map identified on August 9, 1974, entered the regular program and had its first flood insurance rate map on July 5, 1983, and its current effective map dates from June 16, 2011; unincorporated Franklin County shares the same two 1983 and 2011 dates but had its first boundary map only on April 7, 1978.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "COLUMBUS, CITY OF",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Community Status Book Report, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/cis/OH.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "Most Franklin County suburbs share one current effective map date, June 17, 2008, among them Bexley, Dublin, Gahanna, Grandview Heights, Grove City, Hilliard, Upper Arlington, Westerville, Worthington, Canal Winchester and New Albany.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "06/17/08",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Community Status Book Report, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/cis/OH.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4, number 39049CV001C",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001C",
     "published": "2008-06-17"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "The other Central Ohio counties are on newer maps than Franklin: Delaware County with the city of Delaware and Powell on December 21, 2023, Union County and Marysville on September 21, 2023, Madison County on November 16, 2023, Fairfield County and Pickerington on April 25, 2024, Licking County and Reynoldsburg on July 31, 2024, and Pickaway County and Circleville on July 22, 2010.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "12/21/23",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Community Status Book Report, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/cis/OH.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
     "published": "2009-04-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001C",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001C",
     "published": "2023-12-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C57",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio has no plumbing drainage chapter of its own: its section 2501.1 says the provisions of the Ohio Plumbing Code shall be incorporated and shall govern the plumbing in buildings within the scope of the code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "as referenced in Chapter 44 shall be incorporated herein",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-25-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code's sanitary drainage rule modifies chapter 7 of the 2021 International Plumbing Code, is in force from October 15, 2025 and carries prior effective dates back to March 1, 1998.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Chapter 7 of the International Plumbing Code, 2021 edition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "Ohio rewrote section 714.1 so that a backwater valve is required only if the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency or the local sewer purveyor requires one, and then only for fixtures on a floor whose finished floor elevation is below the manhole cover of the next upstream manhole in the public sewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a backwater valve is to be installed only for plumbing fixtures",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C60",
   "claim": "Ohio adds an exception to section 712.2 saying that in buildings where the Residential Code of Ohio applies, only a check valve is required on the discharge piping from the sewage pump or ejector.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "only a check valve is required, located on the discharge piping",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C61",
   "claim": "The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency carries the Scioto Greenways Main Street Dam Removal on its own list of Section 319 projects, numbered 10(h)EPA-26S, with the Columbus Downtown Development Corporation as sponsor and 2014 as the year completed, and says the project successfully removed the Main Street Dam and restored stream channel and riparian areas along approximately 7,000 linear feet of the Scioto River.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This project successfully removed the Main Street Dam",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water",
     "title": "2016 and 2017 Biological and Habitat Studies of Rivers and Streams in Ohio Evaluating Section 319(h) and SWIF/GLRI Projects, AMS/2020/319-16-17",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/documents/DRAFT_2016-2017_319Report.pdf",
     "published": "2020-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C62",
   "claim": "Congress authorized the Franklinton floodwall in the Water Resources Development Act of 1988, which lists the project for flood control, Scioto River, West Columbus, Ohio, on the report of the Chief of Engineers dated February 9, 1988.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The project for flood control, Scioto River, West Columbus, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Congress (Government Publishing Office)",
     "title": "Water Resources Development Act of 1988, Public Law 100-676, section 3(a)(11), 102 Stat. 4014",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-102/pdf/STATUTE-102-Pg4012.pdf",
     "published": "1988-11-17"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C63",
   "claim": "The Corps of Engineers describes the West Columbus Local Protection Project in its own words as protection extending about 2,400 feet along the lower right descending bank of Dry Run and continuing from that creek's mouth along the right descending bank and floodplain of the Scioto River for about 7.2 miles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The protection extends approximately 2,400 feet along the lower right descending bank",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
     "title": "Draft Environmental Assessment, Section 408, West Columbus Interstate Route 71 Road Widening Project, Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Portals/38/docs/PR/Section%20408%20West%20Columbus%20Interstate%20Route%2071%20Road%20Widening%20Project%20in%20Franklin%20County,%20Ohio-%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf",
     "published": "2017-03"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C24",
   "a": "Griggs Reservoir and dam dedicated 1908, construction begun 1904",
   "a_source": "S18, City of Columbus water supply historical timeline",
   "b": "Griggs Reservoir put into service in 1905; National Inventory of Dams year completed 1905",
   "b_source": "S19 and S15",
   "printed": "print both, naming the city's two documents. Two of three records say 1905, but the disagreeing one is the same publisher, so no arithmetic settles it."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C26",
   "a": "O'Shaughnessy Reservoir completed 1925",
   "a_source": "S18 and S19, both City of Columbus",
   "b": "year completed 1924; storage affecting the river record since November 1924",
   "b_source": "S15 and S27",
   "printed": "print both. Storage from 1924 and works finished 1925 would reconcile them, but no source says that, so the page must not."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C27",
   "a": "O'Shaughnessy Reservoir Dam 91.3 feet high, 1,750 feet long, 45,400 acre-feet",
   "a_source": "S28, Ohio Department of Natural Resources dam inventory",
   "b": "79 feet inventory height, 1,510 feet long, 33,000 acre-feet",
   "b_source": "S15, National Inventory of Dams, source agency the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission",
   "printed": "print both with the two height definitions named. The state measures from the natural streambed at the downstream toe; the federal figure is the largest of dam, structural and hydraulic height."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "Hoover Reservoir built 1953",
   "a_source": "S18, City of Columbus water supply historical timeline",
   "b": "1954 in S26, 1955 in S19, 1956 in S15",
   "b_source": "S26, S19, S15",
   "printed": "print all four as four records disagreeing, then print the one date nobody disputes: the Survey's September 1954 for when the dam began regulating the creek."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C31",
   "a": "Delaware Dam constructed between 1947 and 1951",
   "a_source": "S10, Corps of Engineers Delaware Lake page, general information",
   "b": "Dam construction was completed in July, 1948, on the same page; and construction initiated 1946, completed 1951, in S26",
   "b_source": "S10 and S26",
   "printed": "print all three and say two of them are on one page, then give the Delaware County flood study's regulation dates, which are the operational fact a reader can use."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C34",
   "a": "Alum Creek Dam completed 1974",
   "a_source": "S15, National Inventory of Dams",
   "b": "The dam was completed in 1964",
   "b_source": "S26, FEMA Franklin County flood study in force",
   "printed": "print both, with the flood study named in the sentence. 1974 agrees with the state inventory, with wave nine's Westerville sheet and with the city's 1971 cooperative agreement; the study's 1964 is the outlier, but it is the study in force and the page does not correct a federal record."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C37",
   "a": "Paint Creek Dam year completed 1973",
   "a_source": "S15, National Inventory of Dams",
   "b": "Paint Creek Dam completed in 1974, on the Corps' own project page",
   "b_source": "S13, Corps of Engineers Paint Creek Lake page",
   "printed": "print both as two records of one agency. VERIFIER 2026-09-07: the sheet said the 1974 figure could not be traced to any agency record; the Corps' page states it, saying construction began in 1967 and the dam and recreation facility were completed in 1974, while the Corps' National Inventory of Dams records the year completed as 1973."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C39",
   "a": "145 lives in the Scioto basin in March 1913, including 93 in Columbus",
   "a_source": "S13, Corps of Engineers Paint Creek Lake page",
   "b": "92 known fatalities at Columbus (wave nine Franklinton C20); 93 (wave nine Franklinton C21); 467 casualties statewide (wave twelve incidents C17)",
   "b_source": "wave nine and wave twelve sheets",
   "printed": "print the Corps figure attributed, note that the Columbus counts differ by one between publishers, and keep the statewide figure separate from the basin figure. No adjective, no narrative."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C13",
   "a": "The Weather Service's crest record for the Scioto at Circleville reaches back to 1913 and holds 129 crests",
   "a_source": "S06",
   "b": "The Survey's annual peak file for station 03230700 begins in 1974",
   "b_source": "S31",
   "printed": "print both as different records rather than as a contradiction: the Service's list carries readings from an older gage at the town that the Survey's station file for that number does not."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C1",
   "a": "record crest at the Frank Road gage 27.22 feet, January 22, 1959",
   "a_source": "S01 and S24",
   "b": "the Scioto at Columbus crested at 22.9 feet on March 25, 1913 (wave nine Franklinton C17); Circular 418 gives 25.9 feet for the same day at the Frank Road station; the Survey's peak file gives 138,000 cubic feet per second",
   "b_source": "wave nine Franklinton sheet, S24 and S31",
   "printed": "print all of them with the gage, the datum and the warning attached: Circular 418 says the 1913 stage is not comparable with present gage heights. These are not three readings of one thing."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C63",
   "a": "floodwall and levee line 7.25 miles long, west bank of the Scioto",
   "a_source": "S26, FEMA flood insurance study for Franklin County",
   "b": "about 7.2 miles along the Scioto, plus about 2,400 feet along Dry Run",
   "b_source": "S33, Corps of Engineers draft environmental assessment, March 2017",
   "printed": "print both, attributed. They are two agencies measuring the same works, and only the Corps counts the Dry Run leg."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Scioto River at Frank Road, gauge COLO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/colo1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Scioto River at Columbus 5th Avenue, gauge SFAO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/sfao1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Olentangy River near Worthington, gauge WRTO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/wrto1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S04",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Alum Creek at Columbus, gauge CLMO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/clmo1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S05",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Big Walnut Creek at Rees, gauge REEO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/reeo1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S06",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Scioto River at Circleville, gauge CRCO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/crco1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Olentangy River near Delaware, gauge DELO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/delo1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, National Water Prediction Service",
   "title": "Scioto River near Dublin, gauge DUBO1",
   "url": "https://water.noaa.gov/gauges/dubo1",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
   "title": "National Water Information System site file, expanded records for seven Central Ohio stations",
   "url": "https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/site/?sites=03227500,03226800,03229000,03229500,03230700,03221000,03225500&siteOutput=expanded&format=rdb",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
   "title": "Delaware Lake",
   "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Delaware-Lake/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
   "title": "Alum Creek Lake",
   "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Ohio/Alum-Creek-Lake/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
   "title": "Deer Creek Lake",
   "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Deer-Creek-Lake/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
   "title": "Paint Creek Lake",
   "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Missions/Civil-Works/Recreation/Paint-Creek-Lake/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
   "title": "Rule 1501:21-13-01, Classification of dams",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-1501:21-13-01",
   "published": "2024-06-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Inventory of Dams",
   "title": "National Inventory of Dams, national data file",
   "url": "https://nid.sec.usace.army.mil/api/nation/csv",
   "published": "2026-08-28"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
   "title": "Fact Sheet 94-29, Dam Safety: Classification of Structures",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/water/dam-safety/fctsht29_19%20Classification%20of%20Stuctures.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "Columbus Water Supply Historical Timeline",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/services/public-utilities/water-historical-timeline.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "Facts on Columbus Water Reservoirs",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/documents/water-publications/facts-on-columbus-water-reservoirs-brochure.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Community Status Book Report, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www.fema.gov/cis/OH.pdf",
   "published": "2025-02-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-25-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules, Legislative Service Commission",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
   "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio, Geological Survey Circular 418",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
   "published": "1959"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities (plan approved by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency)",
   "title": "Nine-Element Nonpoint Source Implementation Strategy for the Olentangy River - Mouth",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/nps/Approved%209-Element%20Plans/Olentangy%20River%20-%20Mouth_Ver1.0_6-23-2022.pdf",
   "published": "2022-06-23"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1, number 39049CV001D",
   "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001D",
   "published": "2011-06-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001A",
   "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001A",
   "published": "2009-04-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
   "title": "Ohio Dams map service, Class I Dams layer, queried for seven Central Ohio counties",
   "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/1",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
   "title": "Ohio Dams map service, all dams layer, queried for Franklin County",
   "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer/8",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
   "title": "National Water Information System annual peak streamflow files for five Central Ohio stations",
   "url": "https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/oh/nwis/peak?site_no=03227500&agency_cd=USGS&format=rdb",
   "published": "2026-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources",
   "title": "Ohio Dams map service description and layer counts",
   "url": "https://gis.ohiodnr.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DSW_Services/Ohio_Dams/MapServer?f=json",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Huntington District",
   "title": "Draft Environmental Assessment, Section 408, West Columbus Interstate Route 71 Road Widening Project, Franklin County, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Portals/38/docs/PR/Section%20408%20West%20Columbus%20Interstate%20Route%2071%20Road%20Widening%20Project%20in%20Franklin%20County,%20Ohio-%20Environmental%20Assessment.pdf",
   "published": "2017-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "United States Congress (Government Publishing Office)",
   "title": "Water Resources Development Act of 1988, Public Law 100-676, section 3(a)(11), 102 Stat. 4014",
   "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-102/pdf/STATUTE-102-Pg4012.pdf",
   "published": "1988-11-17"
  },
  {
   "id": "S36",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water",
   "title": "2014 and 2015 Biological and Habitat Studies of 30 Rivers and Streams in Ohio Evaluating Section 319(h) and SWIF/GLRI Projects, EAS/2018-06-03",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/documents/DRAFT_2014-2015_319Report.pdf",
   "published": "2018-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S37",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Surface Water",
   "title": "2016 and 2017 Biological and Habitat Studies of Rivers and Streams in Ohio Evaluating Section 319(h) and SWIF/GLRI Projects, AMS/2020/319-16-17",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/documents/DRAFT_2016-2017_319Report.pdf",
   "published": "2020-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S38",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Delaware County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, number 39041CV001C",
   "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39041CV001C",
   "published": "2023-12-21"
  },
  {
   "id": "S39",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4, number 39049CV001C",
   "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/portal/downloadProduct?productTypeID=FINAL_PRODUCT&productSubTypeID=FIS_REPORT&productID=39049CV001C",
   "published": "2008-06-17"
  }
 ]
}