{
 "page": "central-ohio-house-styles-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/central-ohio-house-styles-by-era.html",
 "title": "Central Ohio house styles, era by era: what was built when, and what decided it",
 "record": "kb-wave-ten-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Franklinton was laid out in 1797 by the surveyor Lucas Sullivant on the west bank of the Scioto, and the City of Columbus calls it one of the first villages in the Northwest Territory and the oldest community in Central Ohio.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Laid out in 1797, Franklinton was one of the first villages in the Northwest Territory",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Founding Franklinton, Columbus: A Created Capital lesson plans",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/founding-franklinton-columbus-a-created-capital-lesson-plans",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993 (Development Department, Planning Division)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "Columbus was created as the state capital in 1812, on the east bank of the Scioto across from the existing settlement of Franklinton.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "would become Columbus, Ohio's permanent state capitol in 1812",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Founding Franklinton, Columbus: A Created Capital lesson plans",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/founding-franklinton-columbus-a-created-capital-lesson-plans",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993 (Development Department, Planning Division)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "Worthington's town plan was drawn in Connecticut in 1802 and carried to Ohio in 1803 by the Scioto Company, a syndicate of 41 investors, and it laid out a public square with a school lot and a church lot of an acre and a half each, surrounded by 160 lots of three quarters of an acre.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "developed in Connecticut in 1802 and brought to Ohio in 1803",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Worthington Historic District's period of significance runs from 1803 to 1962, and the nomination says its early buildings reflected the Federal style the settlers had left behind in New England.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "reflected the Federal style of the buildings the pioneers had left behind",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District - National Register asset record, reference number 10000190",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/10000190",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Dublin's own history says John Sells platted part of his land to establish a village in 1810, and that Dublin did not become a city until August 1987.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "platted part of his land to establish a village in 1810",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Dublin, Ohio",
     "title": "History of Dublin",
     "url": "https://dublinohiousa.gov/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The German Village nomination gives the district's specific dates as 1820 to 1900, says German settlement in Columbus began in 1812 but did not reach significant numbers until after 1830, and dates the larger two-story hip-roofed brick houses with bracketed cornices to the 1860s and 1870s and the more elaborate Italianate houses to the late 1800s and early 1900s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1820-1900",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 74001490)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The earliest German Village houses were one-story and one-and-a-half-story single and double houses of locally made brick on limestone foundations, averaging about eighteen feet wide and thirty-two feet long, on lots of about thirty feet by ninety.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The earliest structures were 1-1/2 and 1-story, single or double",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 74001490)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The German Village district covers 233 acres and more than 1,800 structures, and was listed on the National Register on December 30, 1974.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "233 acres, over 1800 structures and more than 3,000 residents",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 74001490)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
     "title": "German Village - National Register asset record, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001490",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Points, cultural resources map service (nrhp_locations)",
     "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/0/query",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus created its neighborhood historic districts by ordinance and long before the federal listings: German Village and its commission in 1960, Italian Village and Victorian Village and their commissions in 1973.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "established by Ordinance # 976-60 and 1221-60 in 1960",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Italian Village Commission",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Italian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Victorian Village Commission",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Victorian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 74001490)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Old North End Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 96000964)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/96000964.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The 1978 nomination for the Columbus Near East Side describes styles running from scattered pre-1880 brick farmhouses to late Victorian houses, to eclectic mansions of the 1890s through the First World War, to bungalows around Franklin Park.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Styles range from the scattered pre-1880 brick farmhouses to the late Victorian",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Columbus Near East Side District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 78002063)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/78002063.pdf",
     "published": "1978"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The National Park Service divides American suburbanization into four stages - railroad and horsecar suburbs 1830 to 1890, streetcar suburbs 1888 to 1928, early automobile suburbs 1908 to 1945, and post-war and early freeway suburbs 1945 to 1960 - and warns that its dates are a general organizing framework rather than a fixed set.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "rather than a fixed set of dates",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Streetcar suburbs began to emerge in 1888 with the construction of electric streetcar lines, which opened new land on the urban fringe.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "began to emerge in 1888 with the construction of electric streetcar lines",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Kit Homes in America: Ordered by Mail, Delivered by Rail (PD&R Edge)",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-housingat250-article-072425.html",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Columbus grew from 125,560 people in 1900 to 290,564 in 1930, its streetcars peaked between the 1910s and the 1930s with five companies running more than 130 miles of track by 1935, and the last streetcar ran in 1948.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The last streetcar in Columbus ran in 1948",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "East North Broadway Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000454)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000454.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Clintonville generally developed from south to north over the period from the 1900s to the 1950s, and its ravine neighborhoods were listed on the National Register as Iuka Ravine in 1986, Old Beechwold in 1987 and Glen Echo in 1997.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Clintonville generally developed from south to north during the period from the 1900",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "East North Broadway Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000454)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000454.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Old Beechwold Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places nomination (reference number 87001146)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/87001146.pdf",
     "published": "1987"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Points, cultural resources map service (nrhp_locations)",
     "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/0/query",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "East North Broadway was platted in November 1890 by James M. Loren and Harmon G. Dennison with a hundred-foot right of way and lots 150 to 215 feet wide, when nearby streets were 50 or 60 feet wide with lots 30 to 40 feet wide.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "platted by James M. Loren and Harmon G. Dennison in November, 1890",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "East North Broadway Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000454)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000454.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Old North End Historic District in the Italian Village area has a period of significance of 1855 to 1930 and was listed as a concentration of railroad worker housing near Union Station and the rail yards.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The period of significance for the district, from 1855 to 1930",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Old North End Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 96000964)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/96000964.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The National Park Service dates the American foursquare's appearance and the bungalow's to the same decade, the 1890s, and says the foursquare was a fixture of American neighborhoods by the 1930s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The American foursquare made its appearance in the 1890s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "HUD says suburbanization accelerated after 1915 as automobile ownership grew rapidly.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Suburbanization accelerated even more after 1915, as automobile ownership rapidly grew",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Kit Homes in America: Ordered by Mail, Delivered by Rail (PD&R Edge)",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-housingat250-article-072425.html",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Upper Arlington began with the purchase of about a thousand acres northwest of Columbus by the brothers King and Ben Thompson from James T. Miller on December 24, 1913, and the historic district's architecture is mostly Twentieth Century Revival style built between 1915 and 1935 on land platted and developed between 1915 and 1927.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Twentieth Century Revival Style built",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, Upper Arlington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 85002694)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/85002694.pdf",
     "published": "1985"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report, chapter 4 (the postwar house types)",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Upper Arlington nomination says King Thompson was a friend of J. C. Nichols of Kansas City and had visited his Country Club district, that a landscape architect was hired in 1914 to draw the plan, and that because no zoning laws existed in Ohio in 1915 the controls on building types, land use, lot sizes and setbacks were written into deed restrictions instead.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No zoning laws existed in Ohio in 1915",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, Upper Arlington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 85002694)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/85002694.pdf",
     "published": "1985"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historic Preservation Office records that Upper Arlington was incorporated as a village in 1918 with a population of 20, became a city in 1941, and more than doubled in area through annexation between the late 1940s and 1960, with 1950s neighborhoods north of Lane Avenue laid out on grid streets with ranch houses.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The village was incorporated in 1918 with a population of 20",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report, chapter 4 (the postwar house types)",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The National Park Service records that by the end of the 1920s attached and underground garages had begun to appear in stock plans for small houses and in factory-built houses, where the earliest garages had sat behind the house at the end of a long driveway.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "attached and underground garages began to appear in stock plans",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "HUD says Sears, Roebuck and Company sold house kits from 1908 to 1940 and sold nearly 75,000 of them nationally.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "which it sold from 1908 to 1940. Sears sold nearly 75,000 kits",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Kit Homes in America: Ordered by Mail, Delivered by Rail (PD&R Edge)",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-housingat250-article-072425.html",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Bexley Historical Society reports that nine Sears houses have so far been identified in Bexley, built between 1922 and 1941, and that a house kit arrived by rail in about two box cars.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Nine examples of Sears homes have, so far, been identified in Bexley",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Bexley Historical Society",
     "title": "Mail Order Homes in Bexley - Sears Catalog Homes",
     "url": "https://bexleyhistoricalsociety.org/research/about-bexley/bexley-a-history/sears-catalog-homes-in-bexley/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "In the flood of late March 1913 the west side of Columbus was filled with fifteen to twenty feet of water, 92 lives were reported lost, and afterward the City of Columbus began to invest in Scioto River channel improvement, widening the channel, building levees and revetments, and increasing bridge spans.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The west side of town was filled with 15-20 feet of water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University",
     "title": "1913 Flood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The Home Owners' Loan Corporation was established by law on June 13, 1933, the National Housing Act of 1934 created the Federal Housing Administration, and between 1936 and 1939 the FHA published its first standards for insurable neighborhoods and introduced the FHA minimum house.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "first standards for insurable neighborhoods and introduces the FHA minimum house",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The University of Richmond's Mapping Inequality project says the Home Owners' Loan Corporation created security maps between 1935 and 1940 that color-coded, graded and identified credit worthiness and the risk of default.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "color-coded, graded, and identified credit worthiness and their risk of defaulting",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "University of Richmond, Digital Scholarship Lab",
     "title": "Mapping Inequality Poster",
     "url": "https://dsl.richmond.edu/mappinginequalityposter/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "As Mapping Inequality publishes it, the 1936 Home Owners' Loan Corporation map of Columbus divides the city into 93 areas: 8 graded A, 32 B, 36 C and 15 D, plus one area the map labels Downtown Commercial District and one it labels Industrial, neither of which carries a grade.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "\"grade\": \"A\"",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "University of Richmond, Digital Scholarship Lab",
     "title": "Mapping Inequality - published area data for Columbus, Ohio, 1936 (OHColumbus1936 GeoJSON)",
     "url": "https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/static/citiesData/OHColumbus1936/geojson.json",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historic Preservation Office says the Colonial Hills subdivision in Worthington was built by the Defense Homes Corporation in the early 1940s as rental housing for executives at defense plants, that the Columbus architect Todd Tibbals designed nine house models for it, and that in 1954 it was annexed to Worthington, which took the population past the threshold for city status under Ohio law.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Campbell states that Columbus architect Todd Tibbals designed nine house models",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The Lustron Corporation was set up in 1947 as an offshoot of the Chicago Vitreous Enamel Product Company and built its houses in Columbus at a one-million-square-foot plant beside the Columbus airport, which a National Register nomination identifies as the former Curtiss-Wright aircraft plant; the houses sat on a concrete slab and were clad inside and out in porcelain-enameled steel panels two feet square.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the huge Curtiss-Wright aircraft plant in Columbus, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Lustron Home #02102, Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa - National Register registration form (reference number 04000898)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_IA/04000898.pdf",
     "published": "2004"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived copy, snapshot 2023-12-27)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "About 2,680 Lustron houses were built, and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office's survey reports that around 40 of them had been identified in Ohio on Ohio Historic Inventory forms.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Approximately 2,680 Lustron houses were constructed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Lustron Home #02102, Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa - National Register registration form (reference number 04000898)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_IA/04000898.pdf",
     "published": "2004"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
     "title": "Collections Spotlight: Lustron Homes",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/manuscripts-audiovisual-collections/collection-spotlight-lustron/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived copy, snapshot 2023-12-27)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Columbus Landmarks says the George Washington Carver Addition in Hanford Village was a cohesive neighborhood of Cape Cod style houses marketed to African American veterans, the Ohio Historic Preservation Office says the Federal Housing Administration authorized four hundred housing units in Columbus in 1944 and that 146 Cape Cod style houses were finished in Hanford Village by 1946, and the National Park Service listed the district on December 24, 2013.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a cohesive neighborhood of Cape Cod style homes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Landmarks Foundation",
     "title": "Hanford Village Listed In National Register",
     "url": "https://columbuslandmarks.org/hanford-village-national-register-nomination/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
     "title": "Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District - National Register asset record, reference number 13000980",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000980",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Points, cultural resources map service (nrhp_locations)",
     "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/0/query",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says the Cape Cod provided most of the low-cost suburban housing immediately following the war and was built in groups of varying sizes, sometimes numbering the hundreds, often on the curvilinear streets and cul-de-sacs of the FHA's neighborhood guidelines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Cape Cod provided most of the low-cost suburban housing",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says the ranch house in its various configurations, including the split-level, continued as the dominant suburban house well into the 1960s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "continued as the dominant suburban house well into the 1960s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
     "published": "2002-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "Rush Creek Village in Worthington is 49 single-family houses on about 39 acres of curvilinear streets, developed between 1954 and 1976 in what the nomination calls Wrightian organic architecture, designed by the Columbus native Theodore van Fossen.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The predominant architectural style is Wrightian organic architecture",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Rush Creek Village Historic District, Worthington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 03000760)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/03000760.pdf",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report, chapter 4 (the postwar house types)",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The city of Columbus covers 221.5 square miles of land in the Census Bureau's 2024 gazetteer, more than every other place the site covers put together.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "221.533",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "2024 Gazetteer Files - Ohio places",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_39.txt",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "As work on Ohio's interstate highways neared completion by 1970 the federal government made funds available for belt highways around the state's major urban centers, which funneled traffic outward and expanded development at the major interchanges.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "made funds available for construction of belt highways around the state's major",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Worthington's growth in the second half of the twentieth century followed the construction of Interstate 71 to the west and Interstate 270 on its northern edge, and the city's area grew from an original town plan of 130 acres to about 3,648 acres.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "construction of Interstate 71 to the west and Interstate 270",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
     "published": "2010"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Dublin's own history says the city began to change from a rural village into a suburban business center in the 1970s, and names three causes: a chemical company's relocation, improved access from Interstate 270, and the development of the Muirfield Village golf club and residential community.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Dublin began to transform from a rural village into a suburban business center",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Dublin, Ohio",
     "title": "History of Dublin",
     "url": "https://dublinohiousa.gov/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "New Albany's design guidelines and requirements say new building design must be based on the precedent of named American architectural styles, and the six they name are Georgian, Federal of 1780 to 1830, Greek Revival of 1820 to 1860, Colonial Revival from the 1880s, Georgian Revival from 1900, and vernacular.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Design of new buildings in New Albany will be based on the precedent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of New Albany, Ohio",
     "title": "Design Guidelines & Requirements, Section 1: Design Principles & American Architectural Precedent",
     "url": "https://newalbanyohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/New-Albany-DGR-Section-1-Design-Principles-American-Architectural-Precedent.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The governor of Ohio announced on January 21, 2022 that a semiconductor manufacturer had chosen a 926-acre site in Licking County, a project the state said would generate more than 20,000 jobs.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "will be located on a 926-acre site in Licking County",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Governor of Ohio",
     "title": "Governor DeWine Announces Monumental Investment by Intel to Bring Their Most Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Plants to Ohio",
     "url": "https://governor.ohio.gov/media/news-and-media/governor-dewine-announces-monumental-investment-by-intel-to-bring-their-most-advanced-semiconductor-manufacturing-plants-to-ohio-01212022",
     "published": "2022-01-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "In April 2024 the mayor of Columbus put a zoning proposal to city council that would apply six new mixed-use zones to 12,300 parcels along the city's busiest streets, in what the city describes as a modernization of a seventy-year-old zoning code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "six new mixed use zones on 12,300 parcels of land",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Introduces Zoning Code Proposal Capable of Creating 88,000 Housing Units",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/News-articles/Columbus-Introduces-Zoning-Code-Proposal-Capable-of-Creating-88000-Housing-Units",
     "published": "2024-04-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Delaware County has the newest housing in Central Ohio, at a Census median year built of 2000 with 71.7 percent of its housing built in 1990 or later, and across the seven counties the median year built runs from 1976 in Madison County to 2000 in Delaware.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "0500000US39041|2000",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The oldest housing in the seven counties is not in Columbus: Madison County has the largest share built in 1939 or earlier, 19.2 percent, followed by Pickaway at 17.2 and Licking at 15.4, against 12.0 percent inside the city of Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "0500000US39097|16519|46|272|111",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau puts the median year built inside the city of Columbus at 1980, with 49.8 percent of housing units built in 1979 or earlier and its two largest decades the 1970s at 14.1 percent and the 1980s at 13.3.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3918000|425182|1906|7109|822",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "Upper Arlington has the oldest housing of the six towns, at a median year built of 1959, and its single largest decade is the 1950s at 35.1 percent of housing units.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3979002|14936|510|279|149",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "Westerville's median year built is 1982 and its largest single decade is the 1970s at 25.8 percent, with 36.0 percent of its housing built in 1990 or later.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3983342|15912|381|235|127",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "Dublin's median year built is 1996 and 72.9 percent of its housing was built in the 1980s, 1990s or 2000s; New Albany's median is 2005, the newest of the six towns, with 90.2 percent built in 1990 or later.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3922694|18639|609|190|100",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "Powell's median year built is 2001 and its largest decade is the 2000s at 33.4 percent, and the Census estimate for Powell housing built in the 1960s is zero.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3964486|5669|257|292|110",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "Gahanna's median year built is 1985, and 74.8 percent of its housing was built between 1960 and 1999, spread almost evenly across the four decades.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1600000US3929106|14673|525|52|57",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says a Plan Commission was formed in 1907 and within a year had prepared the first known plan for the city, the 1908 Plan, which called for a civic center of public buildings around the State Capitol, a parkway encircling the city three miles from its center and diagonal streets radiating from it, and that most of those recommendations were never built, leaving the open space along the Olentangy River as the plan's clearest mark on the city today.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Within a year, the group had prepared the first known plan for the city",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993 (Development Department, Planning Division)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
     "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, Upper Arlington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 85002694)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/85002694.pdf",
     "published": "1985"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own comprehensive plan says that prior to the 1950s very little annexation activity occurred in Franklin County, that since 1954 nearly 236 square miles have been annexed to municipalities in the county with Columbus taking 64 percent of it, and that the prevailing motivation for annexation, for developers on the suburban fringe and for individual homeowners alike, has been to obtain sewer and water services.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to obtain sewer and water services",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993 (Development Department, Planning Division)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C31",
   "a": "Approximately 2,680 Lustron houses were constructed, shipped from the Columbus plant between April 1948 and May 1950",
   "a_source": "S11 (National Park Service, Lustron Home #02102 nomination, 2004) and S15 (Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Modern, 2010, which cites Lustron Preservation 2010 for the figure)",
   "b": "Between 1947 and 1950 the Lustron Corporation built more than 2,000 porcelain steel homes in their Columbus, Ohio factory",
   "b_source": "S33 (Ohio History Connection collections page, undated)",
   "printed": "print A, say the figure is approximate, and say counts vary. VERIFIER: the resolution is unchanged but its reasoning is corrected. The researcher wrote that two independent publishers give 2,680 and that one of them is the Ohio Historic Preservation Office's own statewide survey. The survey does not count Lustrons itself; it cites Lustron Preservation 2010 in the same sentence. The genuinely independent second publisher is the National Park Service nomination. The Ohio History Connection's more than 2,000 is not contradicted by 2,680, only vaguer, and its 1947 start is the year the company was formed rather than the year production began. The brief's about 2,500 matches neither and does not print. VERIFIER, SECOND PASS: the archived Ohio History Central page adds a third Ohio figure, 'Before the end, nearly 2,500 homes were sold', and it is the key to the whole tangle. Sold, built and shipped are three different counts. The wording every sheet in this wave must share is set out in the note on C31 and in the verify file."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C31",
   "a": "2680 Lustron homes shipped, in the statement of significance",
   "a_source": "S11",
   "b": "2860 in the next section of the same form, and 'slightly over 2600' in its narrative",
   "b_source": "S11",
   "printed": "print A. One document gives three numbers; the one in the statement of significance is the one the Ohio Historic Preservation Office's report matches, so it is the figure carried. Say in the page's own words that counts of Lustron production vary between sources."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C30",
   "a": "the Lustron Corporation went bankrupt in 1950",
   "a_source": "S11 (National Register nomination, 2004)",
   "b": "in 1951, after prolonged legal maneuvering, the assets of the company were foreclosed and liquidated",
   "b_source": "S15 (Ohio Modern, 2010)",
   "printed": "VERIFIER-ADDED conflict; the researcher recorded no end date at all. Print both as the two events they are: the last houses shipped in May 1950 and the company's assets were foreclosed and liquidated in 1951. Do not write that Lustron ended in 1950, and do not write that it made houses until 1951."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C20",
   "a": "King Thompson was a friend of J. C. Nichols of Kansas City and had visited his Country Club district, and also knew the developer of a planned community in San Francisco",
   "a_source": "S9 (Upper Arlington National Register nomination, 1985)",
   "b": "The Thompsons followed Garden City design principles in planning their community",
   "b_source": "S15 (Ohio Modern statewide context, 2010)",
   "printed": "VERIFIER: WITHDRAWN as a conflict, kept as a note. These are not two sources disagreeing: the SAME nomination says both, because it also states that 'during the beginning of the second decade of the twentieth century, the garden city movement was influencing the neighborhood design.' Print both lineages as one account. What must not print is the brief's assumption that Upper Arlington was modeled on the Country Club District; neither source says that, and the nomination names a San Francisco community, St. Francis Woods, as the comparable model."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C29",
   "a": "The Colonial Hills plan was designed in 1941, based on a 1925 speculative plat",
   "a_source": "S15 (Ohio Modern, citing local researcher George Campbell)",
   "b": "Colonial Hills' plan evolved over the period extending from 1927 and 1941",
   "b_source": "S3 (Worthington Historic District nomination, 2010)",
   "printed": "print A with its attribution and mention that the nomination describes the plan as evolving over 1927 to 1941. The two are about a plan drawn once and a neighborhood laid out over years, which is a real distinction and worth one clause. VERIFIER: both quotes confirmed at source; the nomination's sentence carries an OCR run-together, 'extending froml927 and 1941'."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C23",
   "a": "Sears sold kit homes from 1908 to 1940, nearly 75,000 of them",
   "a_source": "S19 (HUD PD&R Edge)",
   "b": "Chronology entry under 1907-1908: Sears and Roebuck begins pre-cut, mail order house catalog sales; and sales 'reached 30,000 by 1925 and nearly 50,000 by 1930'",
   "b_source": "S7 (National Register Bulletin 46)",
   "printed": "print 1908 to 1940 with HUD named, and note that the National Park Service chronology places the start at 1907 to 1908. VERIFIER: the researcher's resolution said the two sources 'agree on 1940 as the end'. They do not. Bulletin 46 gives no end year for Sears kit sales anywhere; the verifier searched every occurrence of Sears, pre-cut and mail order in both parts of the bulletin. The end year 1940 and the 75,000 count are HUD's alone, which is why C23 is now single."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 74001490)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
   "published": "1974"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
   "title": "German Village - National Register asset record, reference number 74001490",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001490",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Worthington Historic District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000190)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000190.pdf",
   "published": "2010"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
   "title": "Worthington Historic District - National Register asset record, reference number 10000190",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/10000190",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "East North Broadway Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 10000454)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/10000454.pdf",
   "published": "2010"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Columbus Near East Side District, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 78002063)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/78002063.pdf",
   "published": "1978"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register Bulletin 46, Historic Residential Suburbs: Guidelines for Evaluation and Documentation for the National Register of Historic Places",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/NRB46_Suburbs_part1_508.pdf",
   "published": "2002-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Old North End Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 96000964)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/96000964.pdf",
   "published": "1996"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, Upper Arlington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form (reference number 85002694)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/85002694.pdf",
   "published": "1985"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Old Beechwold Historic District, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register of Historic Places nomination (reference number 87001146)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/87001146.pdf",
   "published": "1987"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Lustron Home #02102, Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa - National Register registration form (reference number 04000898)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_IA/04000898.pdf",
   "published": "2004"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "German Village Commission",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/German-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Italian Village Commission",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Italian-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Victorian Village Commission",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Victorian-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
   "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
   "published": "2010-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15b",
   "publisher": "Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society",
   "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past - Statewide Historic Context, final report, chapter 4 (the postwar house types)",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
   "published": "2010-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "University of Richmond, Digital Scholarship Lab",
   "title": "Mapping Inequality Poster",
   "url": "https://dsl.richmond.edu/mappinginequalityposter/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "University of Richmond, Digital Scholarship Lab",
   "title": "Mapping Inequality - published area data for Columbus, Ohio, 1936 (OHColumbus1936 GeoJSON)",
   "url": "https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/static/citiesData/OHColumbus1936/geojson.json",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "City of Dublin, Ohio",
   "title": "History of Dublin",
   "url": "https://dublinohiousa.gov/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
   "title": "Kit Homes in America: Ordered by Mail, Delivered by Rail (PD&R Edge)",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-housingat250-article-072425.html",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
   "title": "Founding Franklinton, Columbus: A Created Capital lesson plans",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/founding-franklinton-columbus-a-created-capital-lesson-plans",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Bexley Historical Society",
   "title": "Mail Order Homes in Bexley - Sears Catalog Homes",
   "url": "https://bexleyhistoricalsociety.org/research/about-bexley/bexley-a-history/sears-catalog-homes-in-bexley/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "Midwestern Regional Climate Center, Purdue University",
   "title": "1913 Flood - Columbus, Ohio",
   "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Columbus Landmarks Foundation",
   "title": "Hanford Village Listed In National Register",
   "url": "https://columbuslandmarks.org/hanford-village-national-register-nomination/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery",
   "title": "Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District - National Register asset record, reference number 13000980",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/13000980",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places",
   "title": "Rush Creek Village Historic District, Worthington, Franklin County, Ohio - National Register registration form (reference number 03000760)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/03000760.pdf",
   "published": "2003"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "City of New Albany, Ohio",
   "title": "Design Guidelines & Requirements, Section 1: Design Principles & American Architectural Precedent",
   "url": "https://newalbanyohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/New-Albany-DGR-Section-1-Design-Principles-American-Architectural-Precedent.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "2024 Gazetteer Files - Ohio places",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2024_Gazetteer/2024_gaz_place_39.txt",
   "published": "2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "Office of the Governor of Ohio",
   "title": "Governor DeWine Announces Monumental Investment by Intel to Bring Their Most Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Plants to Ohio",
   "url": "https://governor.ohio.gov/media/news-and-media/governor-dewine-announces-monumental-investment-by-intel-to-bring-their-most-advanced-semiconductor-manufacturing-plants-to-ohio-01212022",
   "published": "2022-01-21"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus Introduces Zoning Code Proposal Capable of Creating 88,000 Housing Units",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/News-articles/Columbus-Introduces-Zoning-Code-Proposal-Capable-of-Creating-88000-Housing-Units",
   "published": "2024-04-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25034 Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25034.dat",
   "published": "2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25035 Median Year Structure Built (table-based summary file)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25035.dat",
   "published": "2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Points, cultural resources map service (nrhp_locations)",
   "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/0/query",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
   "title": "Collections Spotlight: Lustron Homes",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/research/archives-library/manuscripts-audiovisual-collections/collection-spotlight-lustron/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993 (Development Department, Planning Division)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
   "published": "1993-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived copy, snapshot 2023-12-27)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}