{
 "page": "columbus-sewers-then-and-now.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/columbus-sewers-then-and-now.html",
 "title": "Where a Columbus shower drains to, and what happens next",
 "record": "ohio-plumbing-water-sewer-wave-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Waste water from a Columbus house flows through the city collection system to one of two treatment plants, Jackson Pike or Southerly.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "to one of Columbus' two wastewater treatment plants",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "Both plants return treated water to the Scioto River south of downtown.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Both plants discharge treated water into the Scioto River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "Columbus Water and Power reported maintaining 4,650 miles of city-owned sewers in 2024: 2,626 miles of sanitary sewer, 1,824 of storm sewer and 156 of combined sewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The 4,650 miles of city-owned sewers are maintained by the Sewer Maintenance Operations Center",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The city's 2024 annual report says the two plants serve Columbus and 26 contracting suburban communities.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "two 24-hour, award-winning reclamation plants serving the city and 26 contracting suburban communities",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The city's contract community list names Bexley, Dublin, Gahanna, Grove City, Hilliard, New Albany, Reynoldsburg, Upper Arlington, Whitehall and Worthington among others.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus Water & Power provides water and sewer service to well over 30 communities",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Water and Sewer Contract Communities",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/The-Division-of-Sewage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Water-Sewer-Contract-Communities",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "A combined sewer carries sanitary waste water and street and roof runoff in one pipe.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Combined sewers were built to collect sanitary and industrial wastewater, as well as stormwater",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Combined Sewer Overflow Control Program",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/permitting/combined-sewer-overflow-control-program",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Sewer Overflow FAQs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Sewer-Overflow-Discharge-Information-SSOCSO/Sewer-Overflow-FAQs",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Brick sewer collapse under Columbus' German Village forces month-long closures",
     "url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/brick-sewer-collapse-under-german-202014000.html",
     "published": "2026-05-27"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Ohio EPA says it no longer permits the installation of combined sewers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio EPA no longer permits the installation of combined sewers.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Combined Sewer Overflow Control Program",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/permitting/combined-sewer-overflow-control-program",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "In a large storm a combined sewer is built to let part of the untreated flow spill to the nearest waterway rather than back up into basements.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "designed to allow a portion of the untreated combined wastewater to overflow",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Combined Sewer Overflow Control Program",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/permitting/combined-sewer-overflow-control-program",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Sewer Overflow FAQs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Sewer-Overflow-Discharge-Information-SSOCSO/Sewer-Overflow-FAQs",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "Ohio EPA describes the combined sewer system as the oldest part of the Columbus collection system.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The combined sewer system is the oldest part of Columbus' collection system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The city's own milestone list dates the first sewer in Columbus to 1841, discharging untreated to the Scioto River.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "First sewer in Columbus is constructed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The city describes the combined sewer system as the one serving downtown and the surrounding areas.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the combined sewer system that serves the downtown and surrounding areas",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Sewer Overflow FAQs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Sewer-Overflow-Discharge-Information-SSOCSO/Sewer-Overflow-FAQs",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Columbus reports 19 combined sewer discharge points of its own that can overflow, along the Olentangy, the Scioto and Alum Creek.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "19 CSO discharge points owned by Columbus that can potentially overflow",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Sewer Overflow FAQs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Sewer-Overflow-Discharge-Information-SSOCSO/Sewer-Overflow-FAQs",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The Columbus Dispatch reported that a brick combined sewer the city built in 1900 collapsed under German Village in May 2026, about thirty feet down.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "were standard when the city built this sewer in 1900",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "The Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Brick sewer collapse under Columbus' German Village forces month-long closures",
     "url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/brick-sewer-collapse-under-german-202014000.html",
     "published": "2026-05-27"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WSYX ABC 6",
     "title": "Sewer collapse in South Pearl Alley in German Village",
     "url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/sewer-collapse-in-south-pearl-alley-in-german-village-sewer-maintenance-operations-center-columbus-water-and-gas-livingston-avenue-south-3rd-street",
     "published": "2026-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The city's milestone list says Columbus's first waste water treatment plant, the Improved Sewage Works, went into service in 1908 just south of where Jackson Pike crosses the Scioto.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus' first wastewater treatment plant",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "That first plant ran on septic tanks, stone-filled sprinkling filters and final settling tanks, and was designed for twenty million gallons a day.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "septic tanks, followed by stone-filled 'sprinkling filters', followed by final settling tanks",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The city says the Jackson Pike plant was placed into service in 1937, on a site immediately next to the 1908 works, using the activated sludge process.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "placed into service in 1937",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The city says the Southerly plant went into operation on August 14, 1967, and serves eastern Franklin County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The newly-constructed Southerly Wastewater Treatment Plant (SWWTP) went into operation on August 14.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Jackson Pike is rated for a design flow of 68 million gallons a day; the city gives Southerly an average daily design flow of 114 and a peak of 330.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The WWTP has a design capacity of 68 million gallons per day",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Columbus entered two consent orders with the state, in 2002 and 2004, over sewage overflows and basement backups.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "two separate consent orders, filed with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lower Olentangy Tunnel (LOT), Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/Lower-Olentangy-Tunnel-LOT",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Columbus answered the orders with a Wet Weather Management Plan submitted to Ohio EPA in 2005.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the city developed a combined Wet Weather Management Plan (WWMP) in 2005",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "In 2012 the city began an integrated planning process to rewrite the 2005 plan around cheaper and greener measures.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In 2012, the city began an integrated planning process to update the 2005 WWMP",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The OARS relief sewer runs about 23,300 feet, just under four and a half miles, at a finished diameter of twenty feet and roughly 170 feet below the surface.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "23,300-ft long, 20-ft finished diameter combined storm and sanitary overflow relief sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "TBM: Tunnel Business Magazine",
     "title": "170 Feet Below Columbus",
     "url": "https://tunnelingonline.com/170-feet-columbus-oars-project/",
     "published": "2014-08-25"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "OARS Deep Sewer Tunnel, Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/OARS-Deep-Sewer-Tunnel",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The city says OARS holds about sixty million gallons of combined sewage until it can be pumped out for treatment.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "has a storage capacity of 60 million gallons",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The city's 2017 annual report says the OARS system was put into operation that July; the city's milestone list dates its completion to 2018.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "With construction complete, the OARS system was put into operation in July.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "2017 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2017.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The Lower Olentangy Tunnel is a twelve-foot diameter tunnel about 17,000 feet long, running from Tuttle Park north of the Ohio State campus south to the Arena District, where it meets OARS.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a 12-foot diameter tunnel project that extends approximately 17,000 linear feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lower Olentangy Tunnel (LOT), Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/Lower-Olentangy-Tunnel-LOT",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The city says construction of the Lower Olentangy Tunnel began in early 2021 and is planned to finish in September 2026.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Construction began in early 2021 and be completed in September 2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lower Olentangy Tunnel (LOT), Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/Lower-Olentangy-Tunnel-LOT",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
     "published": "2020-11-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "Blueprint Columbus is the city's alternative to parts of the 2005 plan; Ohio EPA approved it in 2015 and wrote it into one of the plant permits.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The final Blueprint Columbus integrated plan was approved in 2015.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Its four pillars are lining private sewer laterals, redirecting roof water, installing sump pumps and building green infrastructure.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "residential home sewer lateral lining, roof water redirection, sump pumps, and green infrastructure",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Blueprint Columbus home page",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The city says Blueprint Columbus will reach 21 neighborhoods over thirty years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "implemented in 21 neighborhoods throughout Columbus over the next 30 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Blueprint Columbus home page",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Blueprint Columbus FAQ and Resources",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/faq/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Columbus City Code 1145.88 says the costs of the corrective measures the city takes on private property are paid by the city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The costs of all corrective measures shall be paid by the City.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
     "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
     "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Lateral Lining, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/lateral-lining/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Sump Pump, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The same code section makes the property owner responsible afterward for maintaining the lined lateral, the redirected downspouts and the sump pump.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the owner of the property shall be responsible for the maintenance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
     "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
     "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Lateral Lining, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/lateral-lining/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Sump Pump, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Under the code a downspout counts as indirectly connected if it discharges within seven feet of the foundation, and may be redirected to the street or at least seven feet out.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "indirectly connected to a foundation drain if it discharges within seven feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
     "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
     "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "A Blueprint sump pump sends ground water to the street and the storm sewer so it stays out of the sanitary sewer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Installing sump pumps to direct excess groundwater to the storm sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Sump Pump, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "For lateral lining the city says residents are asked to stop using water for about four hours while the liner hardens.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "asked to suspend water use for approximately four hours on the day",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Lateral Lining, The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/lateral-lining/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "In the first Clintonville project area the city's 2017 report counted 112 sump pumps installed and 27 downspouts redirected.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "112 sump pumps",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "2017 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2017.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "Blueprint Columbus reports a 99 percent reduction in sanitary sewer overflows caused by heavy rain in the areas it has finished.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "99% reduction in sanitary sewer overflows resulting from heavy rain events",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Blueprint Columbus home page",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Rain reaching the sanitary sewer through cracks and wrong connections is what causes the overflows and the basement backups.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "stormwater and groundwater enter Columbus's sanitary sewer system through cracks and improper connections",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
     "published": "2021-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
     "title": "Blueprint Columbus home page",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Columbus City Code 1145.84 says no person shall connect roof, foundation area way, parking lot, roadway or other surface runoff or ground water drains to a sanitary sewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "no person shall connect roof, foundation area way, parking lot, roadway",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
     "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
     "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The same section allows storm water into a sewer designated as a storm sewer or a combined sewer, and asks that it go to the storm sewer where both are available.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "discharged into sewers specifically designed and designated as storm or combined sewers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
     "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
     "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio incorporates the Ohio Plumbing Code, so the plumbing rules for a house are the plumbing code's with a short list of changes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "provisions of the \"Ohio Plumbing Code\" as referenced in Chapter 44 shall be incorporated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-25-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code says storm water shall not be drained into sewers intended for sewage only.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Storm water shall not be drained into sewers intended for sewage only.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes",
     "title": "Chapter 11 Storm Drainage, Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/11/storm-drainage",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:3-11-01, Storm drainage",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-11-01",
     "published": "2024-03-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Ohio changed the backwater valve rule so a valve is required only where Ohio EPA or the local sewer purveyor requires one, and only for fixtures on a floor below the next upstream manhole cover.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a backwater valve is to be installed only for plumbing fixtures",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes",
     "title": "Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage, Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The plumbing code says a drain below the sewer that cannot run downhill to it must discharge into a covered, vented sump and be lifted out automatically by a sewage pump or ejector.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "cannot be discharged to the sewer by gravity flow",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes",
     "title": "Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage, Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The city's Project Dry Basement, begun in July 2004, covers an approved backflow prevention device for single and two-family homes that have had sewer backups; the city counted 1,814 installations through 2024.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Our sewer backflow prevention program, known as Project Dry Basement, began in July, 2004.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "Project Dry Basement",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Resources-for-Customers/Project-Dry-Basement",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
     "title": "2024 Annual Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "WOSU Public Media reported that the Lower Olentangy Tunnel's boring machine broke through at Tuttle Park on June 4, 2025.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The machine bored through a concrete wall at the bottom of a 50-foot hole near Tuttle Park just before 3 p.m.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Massive $250 million, three-mile Columbus sewer tunnel project reaches destination with a bang",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2025-06-04/massive-250-million-three-mile-columbus-sewer-tunnel-project-reaches-destination-with-a-bang",
     "published": "2025-06-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C24",
   "a": "OARS put into operation in July 2017",
   "a_source": "S6",
   "b": "OARS completed and placed into service in 2018, with the closure of the Whittier Street gates",
   "b_source": "S1",
   "printed": "print both, attributed, because they are the same publisher and may describe two different steps"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C16",
   "a": "Jackson Pike placed into service in 1937",
   "a_source": "S2 and S1",
   "b": "Jackson Pike was built in 1935",
   "b_source": "S5",
   "printed": "print 1937 as the in-service year because the milestone list dates the November 1937 startup precisely; note the 1935 figure"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C4",
   "a": "26 contracting suburban communities (2024 annual report)",
   "a_source": "S5",
   "b": "25 on one city page and 29 on another",
   "b_source": "S3 and S2",
   "printed": "print the annual report's 26 with the publisher and the year named; do not print a bare count"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C18",
   "a": "Jackson Pike peak treatment capacity approximately 150 MGD",
   "a_source": "S5 and S2",
   "b": "peak treatment capacity 102 MGD",
   "b_source": "S7",
   "printed": "print neither peak figure; print only the 68 MGD design capacity the two publishers agree on"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C20",
   "a": "a 40-year Wet Weather Management Plan",
   "a_source": "S1 and S4",
   "b": "an implementation cost over 30 years",
   "b_source": "S8",
   "printed": "print the city's 40 years with the city named, because the 2005 plan is the city's document"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C25",
   "a": "Lower Olentangy Tunnel at an average depth of 50 feet",
   "a_source": "S16b",
   "b": "depth generally 55 to 70 feet, about 90 feet at State Route 315, about 40 feet under the river",
   "b_source": "S7",
   "printed": "print both, because an average and a range are not the same measurement"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C26",
   "a": "construction expected to be completed by March 2026",
   "a_source": "S7",
   "b": "planned to be complete in September 2026",
   "b_source": "S16b",
   "printed": "print the city's September 2026, because the Ohio EPA date is a 2020 forecast the city has since revised"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C3",
   "a": "156 miles of combined sewer, 2,626 miles of sanitary sewer (2024)",
   "a_source": "S5",
   "b": "167 miles of combined sewer, 2,782 miles of sanitary sewer (2020)",
   "b_source": "S7",
   "printed": "print the 2024 figures with their year, and say the mileage moves as the city separates and adds sewers"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C12",
   "a": "1,007 permitted combined sewer overflows in 66 remaining Ohio communities, May 2024",
   "a_source": "S9",
   "b": "86 of Ohio's 88 CSO communities meet the federal swimming measure, May 2024",
   "b_source": "S9",
   "printed": "print only the 1,007 and 66 figures, since the same page uses two different community universes and does not reconcile them"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Historical Milestones for Wastewater Treatment in Columbus",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/Water-Treatment-History/Historical-Milestones-for-Wastewater-Treatment-in-Columbus",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "Wastewater Treatment Process, Division of Water Reclamation",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water-Reclamation/Wastewater-Treatment-Process",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "Wastewater Treatment, The Division of Sewerage and Drainage",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "Sewer Overflow FAQs",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Sewerage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Sewer-Overflow-Discharge-Information-SSOCSO/Sewer-Overflow-FAQs",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "2024 Annual Report",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/4/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2024.pdf",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "2017 Annual Report",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/documents/department-publications/public-utilities-annual-report-2017.pdf",
   "published": "2018"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Final Finding of No Significant Impact and Environmental Assessment, City of Columbus Lower Olentangy Tunnel",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/2/services/public-utilities/migrated/water-cip-pdfs/lower-olentangy-tunnel/lot-final-fonsi.pdf",
   "published": "2020-11-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Integrated Planning in Action: Integrated Plan and 2015 WWMP Update Report, Columbus, Ohio (EPA-832-F-21-020)",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-07/rtc-profile-columbus.pdf",
   "published": "2021-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Combined Sewer Overflow Control Program",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/surface-water/permitting/combined-sewer-overflow-control-program",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus City Codes, Title 11, Chapter 1145, sections 1145.80 through 1145.89, Stormwater",
   "url": "https://library.municode.com/oh/columbus/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=TIT11WASEELCO_CH1145SEUSRE_1145.80--1145.89ST",
   "published": "Ord. 1327-2012 eff. 10-1-2012; Ord. 2905-2015, 12-14-2015; Ord. 0327-2024, 2-26-2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-7-01",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-25-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "State of Ohio, Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:3-11-01, Storm drainage",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:3-11-01",
   "published": "2024-03-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "UpCodes",
   "title": "Chapter 11 Storm Drainage, Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/11/storm-drainage",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "UpCodes",
   "title": "Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage, Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "OARS Deep Sewer Tunnel, Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/OARS-Deep-Sewer-Tunnel",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16b",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Lower Olentangy Tunnel (LOT), Sewer Capital Improvement Projects",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Sewer-CIPS/Lower-Olentangy-Tunnel-LOT",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
   "title": "Blueprint Columbus home page",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
   "title": "Blueprint Columbus FAQ and Resources",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/faq/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
   "title": "Lateral Lining, The Four Pillars",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/lateral-lining/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Blueprint Columbus",
   "title": "Sump Pump, The Four Pillars",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "Project Dry Basement",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Resources-for-Customers/Project-Dry-Basement",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water and Power",
   "title": "Water and Sewer Contract Communities",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/The-Division-of-Sewage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Water-Sewer-Contract-Communities",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "The Columbus Dispatch",
   "title": "Brick sewer collapse under Columbus' German Village forces month-long closures",
   "url": "https://www.aol.com/articles/brick-sewer-collapse-under-german-202014000.html",
   "published": "2026-05-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "WSYX ABC 6",
   "title": "Sewer collapse in South Pearl Alley in German Village",
   "url": "https://abc6onyourside.com/news/local/sewer-collapse-in-south-pearl-alley-in-german-village-sewer-maintenance-operations-center-columbus-water-and-gas-livingston-avenue-south-3rd-street",
   "published": "2026-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "TBM: Tunnel Business Magazine",
   "title": "170 Feet Below Columbus",
   "url": "https://tunnelingonline.com/170-feet-columbus-oars-project/",
   "published": "2014-08-25"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
   "title": "Massive $250 million, three-mile Columbus sewer tunnel project reaches destination with a bang",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2025-06-04/massive-250-million-three-mile-columbus-sewer-tunnel-project-reaches-destination-with-a-bang",
   "published": "2025-06-04"
  }
 ]
}