{
 "page": "columbus-water-quality-report-explained.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/columbus-water-quality-report-explained.html",
 "title": "What the Columbus water quality report says, and what it leaves out",
 "record": "kb-wave-seven-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Federal rules require every community water system in the country to give its customers an annual report on the quality of the water it delivers.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "reports that community water systems must deliver to their customers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register (eCFR)",
     "title": "40 CFR Part 141 Subpart O - Consumer Confidence Reports",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-141/subpart-O",
     "published": "2026-09-03"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Consumer Confidence Report Rule Revisions",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ccr/consumer-confidence-report-rule-revisions",
     "published": "2024-05-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The federal rule sets the deadline at July 1 each year, and lets the report carry data from the previous calendar year or from the year before that.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "must deliver reports according to § 141.155 by July 1 each year",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register (eCFR)",
     "title": "40 CFR Part 141 Subpart O - Consumer Confidence Reports",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-141/subpart-O",
     "published": "2026-09-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The federal rule requires community water systems to follow its revised sections beginning January 1, 2027, and a further set beginning November 1, 2027.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Beginning January 1, 2027, community water systems must comply with 40 CFR 141.151",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register (eCFR)",
     "title": "40 CFR Part 141 Subpart O - Consumer Confidence Reports",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-141/subpart-O",
     "published": "2026-09-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "Under the revised rule a system serving 10,000 or more people must send the report twice a calendar year, the second one by December 31.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Each community water system serving 10,000 or more persons must distribute the report biannually",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register (eCFR)",
     "title": "40 CFR Part 141 Subpart O - Consumer Confidence Reports",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-141/subpart-O",
     "published": "2026-09-03"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Consumer Confidence Report Rule Revisions",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ccr/consumer-confidence-report-rule-revisions",
     "published": "2024-05-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The current Columbus report is titled the 2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report and is published by Columbus Water & Power.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Almost every result in the Columbus report is labeled 2025, and lead and copper are labeled 2023.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "When we checked",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The report states that the water delivered meets every standard of the Safe Drinking Water Act.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Your drinking water meets all Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) standards.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "Columbus reports its results plant by plant for three plants, so the numbers a household is under depend on which plant serves its address.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Dublin Road Water Plant (DRWP) serves northwestern and southwestern residents",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "Columbus reported fluoride at 0.96, 0.97 and 0.98 parts per million at its three plants in 2025, against a limit of 4 parts per million.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Water additive - protects teeth",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Columbus reported nitrate at 6.3 parts per million at its Dublin Road plant in 2025, against a limit of 10 parts per million.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Seasonally, the Scioto River can experience elevated levels of nitrate",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Columbus reported total trihalomethanes at 58.4, 64.1 and 27.6 parts per billion at its three plants in 2025, against a limit of 80 parts per billion.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By-product of drinking water chlorination",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Columbus reported total haloacetic acids at 22.4, 37 and 4.7 parts per billion at its three plants in 2025, against a limit of 60 parts per billion.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total Haloacetic Acids (ppb)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The report shows one Dublin Road trihalomethane sample at 83.9 parts per billion, above the limit, while recording no violation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "16.5 – 83.9",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Columbus reported total chlorine at 1.44, 1.4 and 0.97 parts per million at its three plants in 2025, against a maximum residual disinfectant level of 4.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The addition of chlorine to disinfect water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The report gives 0.68 nephelometric turbidity units as the highest turbidity result of 2025 and 97 percent as the lowest monthly share of samples meeting the limit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "highest recorded turbidity result for 2025 was",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Columbus report shows one bromate sample at Dublin Road reaching 13 parts per billion against a limit of 10, with an average of 2 and no violation recorded.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By-product of drinking water ozonation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Sodium was reported at 69.2, 19.2 and 86.7 parts per million at the three plants, and the report sets no limit against it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OTHER WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS OF INTEREST",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The report carries a second, system-wide table of average values in different units, so the same substance appears twice with two different numbers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Average Chemical Values",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The limits printed beside the Columbus results match the federal limits the Environmental Protection Agency publishes.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Columbus reported a lead result at the 90th percentile of 1.3 parts per billion, with none of 50 sampled homes above the action level of 15.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Corrosion of household plumbing",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Columbus reported copper at 0.049 parts per million at the 90th percentile, with none of 50 sampled homes above the action level of 1.3.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "erosion of natural deposits",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The report says the lead concentration in the water leaving the plants is below the level of detection, and that most homes in the area have no lead service line.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Most homes in the Columbus area do not have lead service lines",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The city's report states that elevated levels of lead, where present, can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious health problems",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency lowered the lead action level from 15 to 10 micrograms per liter, effective November 1, 2027.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the lead action level, from 15 µg/L to 10 µg/L",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_general_public.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "That federal rule also requires future reports to carry clear health language about lead and to say where the system's replacement plan can be found.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "include clear health language about the dangers of lead in the Consumer Confidence Reports",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_general_public.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency's rule requires most water systems to replace lead service lines within ten years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "required to replace lead service lines within 10 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_general_public.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Lead and Copper Rule Improvements",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/lead-and-copper-rule-improvements",
     "published": "2024-10-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The report points readers to a service line inventory where they can look up the pipe material recorded for their own address.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "see the material type(s) for your location",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency set the first federal drinking water limits for PFAS on April 10, 2024.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "On April 10, 2024, EPA announced the final NPDWR for six PFAS.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency's 2024 rule set limits of 4 parts per trillion for two PFAS, 10 parts per trillion for three others, and a hazard index of 1 for mixtures.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "4.0 parts per trillion (ppt)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Systems have until 2027 to finish initial monitoring and until 2029 to meet the limits.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "three years to complete initial monitoring (by 2027)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency announced on May 14, 2025 that it would keep the limits for the two most studied PFAS and reconsider the rest.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "reconsider the regulatory determinations for PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos",
     "published": "2025-05-14"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "On May 18, 2026 the agency put out two proposed rules: one offering systems until 2031 to comply, and one that would withdraw the limits for the other PFAS.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "On May 18, 2026, EPA announced two proposed rules",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Proposed PFAS Rescission Rule",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/proposed-pfas-rescission-rule",
     "published": "2026-07-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The Columbus report has a PFAS section but publishes no PFAS measurement in it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Learn more at columbus.gov/PFAS.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The city publishes those PFAS results separately, in a one-page table dated February 2025.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "City of Columbus UCMR 5 Monitoring Results",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "City of Columbus UCMR 5 Monitoring Results",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/water/pfas-ucmr-table.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-28"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "PFAS",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/PFAS",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "In that table one Dublin Road sample reached 5.3 parts per trillion of PFOA, above the federal limit of 4, with a final level found of 1.3.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "ND = Non-detect below the UCMR minimum reporting level",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "City of Columbus UCMR 5 Monitoring Results",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/water/pfas-ucmr-table.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The city's table also reports four unregulated PFAS at the Dublin Road plant, the highest a single sample of 18.2 parts per trillion.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "PFAS compounds are unregulated.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "City of Columbus UCMR 5 Monitoring Results",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/water/pfas-ucmr-table.pdf",
     "published": "2025-02-28"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The city says its own monitoring shows all three plants would currently meet the federal PFAS requirements.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "our three drinking water plants would currently be in compliance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "PFAS",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/PFAS",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Ohio's own statewide round sampled all three Columbus plants in October 2020 and recorded no detection of any of the six PFAS it looked for.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Sampled: No Detection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "PFAS_2019_2021 and PFAS_SAMPLING map services - Latest Sampling Results",
     "url": "https://geo.epa.ohio.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DrinkingWater/PFAS_2019_2021/MapServer",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Ohio's PFAS Action Plan",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "2024-09-26"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Ohio EPA had those plants tested as part of a statewide round covering about 1,550 public water systems, not every system in the state.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "coordinated testing for 1,550 community and non-transient non-community public water systems",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Ohio's PFAS Action Plan",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "2024-09-26"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/facts/PFAS-FactSheet.pdf",
     "published": "2023-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Ohio's action levels are not the federal limits, and Ohio EPA's own published materials disagree on what the state's current action levels are.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio's PFAS 2024 Action Levels",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Ohio's PFAS Action Plan",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
     "published": "2024-09-26"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/facts/PFAS-FactSheet.pdf",
     "published": "2023-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Ohio EPA has retired the Drinking Water Watch lookup and replaced it with a tool called the Drinking Water Viewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This tool replaces the previously used “Drinking Water Watch.”",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Drinking Water Viewer",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/drinking-and-ground-waters/ddgw-programs/data-and-reporting/drinking-water-viewer",
     "published": "2024-10-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The report measures water leaving the plants and at sampled taps, and states that the city cannot control the materials used in a home's own plumbing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "cannot control the variety of materials used in plumbing components",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The report tells readers that a filter is not needed and that pink or dark film on shower tile does not come from the drinking water.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "These organisms do not come from your drinking water.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The report also states that the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean the water poses a health risk.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
     "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C11",
   "a": "Hap Cremean total trihalomethanes, Level Found 64.1 ppb",
   "a_source": "S1 (results table, Level Found column)",
   "b": "Hap Cremean total trihalomethanes, Range 22.8 - 60.3 ppb",
   "b_source": "S1 (results table, Range column of the same row)",
   "printed": "print both, as the report prints them. The reported level sits above the top of its own printed range, which the report never explains. Column positions were verified by coordinate, so this is the document's own inconsistency and not an extraction error. Do not reconcile it on the page and do not offer a reason for it."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C40",
   "a": "2020: PFOA/PFOS above 70; GenX above 700; PFBS above 140,000; PFHxS above 140; PFNA above 21",
   "a_source": "S9, table headed 'Ohio's PFAS 2020 Action Levels'",
   "b": "Nov. 2023: GenX above 21; PFBS above 2,100; PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFNA unchanged from 2020",
   "b_source": "S10, table headed 'Statewide Action Levels for PFAS'",
   "printed": "print all three, dated, rather than calling one 'current'. A third table, re-read on S9 itself on 2026-09-05 under a 'Standards and Advisories' heading (easy to miss on a long page after the 2020 table near the sampling summary), is headed 'Ohio's PFAS 2024 Action Levels' and gives a fourth set: PFOA 4.0, PFOS 4.0, GenX 10, PFBS 2,000, PFHxS 10, PFNA 10 -- close to the federal MCLs, introduced alongside a sentence that Ohio's own PFAS MCL rule-making is expected final by spring 2027. This table disagrees with S10 on GenX and PFBS and revises the other four that S10 called unchanged. Ohio EPA's own sampling map (S11) carries the S10/2020-adjacent figures in its data, not the newer 2024 table. Do not present any one of the three as 'the' current Ohio action level; say Ohio EPA's own materials disagree."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C39",
   "a": "1,550 community and non-transient non-community public water systems",
   "a_source": "S9, sampling section",
   "b": "nearly 1,500 public water systems",
   "b_source": "S9, history section, and 'close to 1,550' in S10",
   "printed": "print 'about 1,550' and attribute it to Ohio EPA. Three figures for one round appear across two Ohio EPA documents and one of them is on the same page as another. The map layer holds 1,513 treatment plant records, which counts plants rather than systems and is a fourth number for a related thing. Do not print an exact count."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "final rule for six PFAS",
   "a_source": "S4, EPA",
   "b": "maximum contaminant levels for five PFAS compounds alongside a hazard index",
   "b_source": "S1, City of Columbus",
   "printed": "print EPA's count with EPA named, and note that the sixth, PFBS, is regulated only inside the hazard index. Both descriptions are of the same rule."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Columbus Water & Power, City of Columbus",
   "title": "2025 Drinking Water Consumer Confidence Report",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/5/services/public-utilities/water-reports/consumer-confidence-water-quality-report/consumer-confidence-report.pdf",
   "published": "2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register (eCFR)",
   "title": "40 CFR Part 141 Subpart O - Consumer Confidence Reports",
   "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-D/part-141/subpart-O",
   "published": "2026-09-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Consumer Confidence Report Rule Revisions",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ccr/consumer-confidence-report-rule-revisions",
   "published": "2024-05-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) - drinking water regulation",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Proposed PFAS Rescission Rule",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/proposed-pfas-rescission-rule",
   "published": "2026-07-23"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "EPA Announces It Will Keep Maximum Contaminant Levels for PFOA, PFOS",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-it-will-keep-maximum-contaminant-levels-pfoa-pfos",
   "published": "2025-05-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "PFAS",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/PFAS",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "City of Columbus UCMR 5 Monitoring Results",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/3/utilities/water/pfas-ucmr-table.pdf",
   "published": "2025-02-28"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Ohio's PFAS Action Plan",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/monitor-pollution/pollution-issues/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas",
   "published": "2024-09-26"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water (fact sheet)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/47/facts/PFAS-FactSheet.pdf",
   "published": "2023-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "PFAS_2019_2021 and PFAS_SAMPLING map services - Latest Sampling Results",
   "url": "https://geo.epa.ohio.gov/arcgis/rest/services/DrinkingWater/PFAS_2019_2021/MapServer",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Drinking Water Viewer",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/drinking-and-ground-waters/ddgw-programs/data-and-reporting/drinking-water-viewer",
   "published": "2024-10-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "EPA's Lead and Copper Rule Improvements (fact sheet)",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_general_public.pdf",
   "published": "2024-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "US Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Lead and Copper Rule Improvements",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/lead-and-copper-rule-improvements",
   "published": "2024-10-08"
  }
 ]
}