{
 "page": "flytown-short-north-bathrooms-and-sanitation-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/flytown-short-north-bathrooms-and-sanitation-history.html",
 "title": "Flytown, Goodale Park and the Short North: the neighborhood that was cleared, and the ones that were kept",
 "record": "kb-wave-eleven-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "A Franklin County Historical Society marker on West Goodale Street says that in 1865 the district of Columbus known as Flytown was subdivided into city lots.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In 1865 the district of Columbus known as Flytown",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory), photograph by the Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Flytown Historical Marker Back, a 2-page compound object (dmrecord 23844, dated January 20, 1980); the inscription text quoted here is on child page 1, dmrecord 23842 (\"PS_B107_F15_01a\")",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/dispatch/id/23842",
     "published": "1980-01-20"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)",
     "title": "Flytown, marker 42202, Victorian Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42202",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
     "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
     "published": "2017-12-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The same marker gives the name's origin as folklore, saying a building marathon followed a wool works arriving on Spruce Street with no houses for its employees, and that the houses were said to have flown up overnight.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "houses literally \"flew-up\" overnight - thus the name \"Flytown\" was coined",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory), photograph by the Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Flytown Historical Marker Back, a 2-page compound object (dmrecord 23844, dated January 20, 1980); the inscription text quoted here is on child page 1, dmrecord 23842 (\"PS_B107_F15_01a\")",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/dispatch/id/23842",
     "published": "1980-01-20"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)",
     "title": "Flytown, marker 42202, Victorian Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42202",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
     "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
     "published": "2017-12-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The marker names an iron foundry of 1870, the United States Pipe and Foundry Company, the Columbus Forge and Iron Company and the Commercial Paste Company in 1900, and the Franklin Lumber and Furniture Company in 1901, and says these plants employed immigrant workmen.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "An iron foundry was established in 1870",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory), photograph by the Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Flytown Historical Marker Back, a 2-page compound object (dmrecord 23844, dated January 20, 1980); the inscription text quoted here is on child page 1, dmrecord 23842 (\"PS_B107_F15_01a\")",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/dispatch/id/23842",
     "published": "1980-01-20"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)",
     "title": "Flytown, marker 42202, Victorian Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42202",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Published descriptions of where Flytown began and ended do not agree: WOSU puts it from Dennison Avenue to the Olentangy River between Goodale Street and Spruce Street, the Columbus Metropolitan Library describes a 1956 aerial of the project area as running from the Hocking Valley railroad to Neil Avenue between First Avenue and Spruce Street, and the same library's index of a 1996 Call and Post article gives railroad tracks, the Olentangy River, Buttles Avenue and High Street.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Running from Dennison Ave. to the Olentangy River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
     "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
     "published": "2017-12-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Aerial View of Goodale Area Renewal Project, 1956 (item p16802coll28/245950)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245950",
     "published": "1956"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (index of the Columbus Dispatch and the Call and Post)",
     "title": "Index abstracts, collection p16802coll35 (items 215845, 54627, 10557, 14669, 16032)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll35/id/215845",
     "published": "various"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The Franklin County Historical Society marker says industry did not locate in Flytown at first because the necessary facilities were lacking, and that the district was annexed to the city in 1880 in order to obtain water, light and power.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In order to obtain water, light and power, the district",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory), photograph by the Columbus Dispatch",
     "title": "Flytown Historical Marker Back, a 2-page compound object (dmrecord 23844, dated January 20, 1980); the inscription text quoted here is on child page 1, dmrecord 23842 (\"PS_B107_F15_01a\")",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/dispatch/id/23842",
     "published": "1980-01-20"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)",
     "title": "Flytown, marker 42202, Victorian Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42202",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
     "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
     "published": "2017-12-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own 1995 history of Italian Village records that the city extended its northern boundary in 1862 only as far west as a partially completed Dennison Avenue, which is the east edge of the ground later called Flytown.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "on the west, by what was then, a partially completed Dennison Avenue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "A color slide made for the Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission in 1954, titled Alley in Flytown, is catalogued by the Columbus Metropolitan Library as showing a red brick home that appears to have an outhouse attached to it and oil barrels used as trash cans.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "appears to have an outhouse attached to it",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Alley in Flytown, photograph by the Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission, 1954 (item p16802coll28/245956)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245956",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Godman Guild settlement house was founded in Flytown in 1898 by Anna B. Keagle, a high school and Sunday school teacher in the neighborhood, and its building on West Goodale Street opened in 1900.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a settlement house established in 1898",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (OhioPix)",
     "title": "Godman Guild main entrance (image AV148_B01F01_01)",
     "url": "https://ohiopix.org/record-display/p267401coll32/28908/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
     "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
     "published": "2017-12-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (Columbus Neighborhoods)",
     "title": "Short North: Flytown, Godman Guild and Italian Village",
     "url": "https://columbusneighborhoods.org/documentary/short-north-flytown-godman-guild-and-italian-village/",
     "published": "2013-08-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "A photograph in the Godman Guild collection shows a hand lettered sign reading Bath Open Daily beside the door of the Godman Guild House, and the Ohio History Connection describes another Guild photograph whose sign advertises a free public library, free kindergarten, public baths and a district nurse.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "public baths and a district nurse",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Godman Guild House (item african/24508, Godman Guild Audiovisual Collection)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/african/id/24508",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (OhioPix)",
     "title": "Godman Guild main entrance (image AV148_B01F01_01)",
     "url": "https://ohiopix.org/record-display/p267401coll32/28908/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau published tract figures for Columbus in a 1950 bulletin whose Table 3 reports condition and plumbing as one combined item, so its categories are no private bath or dilapidated and no running water or dilapidated, and a dwelling unit falls into them either for want of the fixture or for the condition of the building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "On the bulletin's own tract map, census tract 32 is bounded on the west by the Olentangy River, on the east by Dennison Avenue and on the north by First Avenue, which is the ground the city's own maps call the Goodale study area.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Part 1.-Tracts in Columbus city",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "In census tract 32, the tract covering Flytown, the Census Bureau put 682 of the 1,281 dwelling units reporting, about 53 percent, in the category no private bath or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "In that same tract 32 the Census Bureau put 335 of the 1,281 dwelling units reporting, about 26 percent, in the category no running water or dilapidated, against about 5 percent for the city as a whole.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No running water or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The same table shows how old that housing was: in tract 32 the Census Bureau put 980 of the 1,105 dwelling units reporting a year built at 1919 or earlier, and none at all in the 1940 or later line.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1919 or earlier",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau counted 4,813 people in tract 32 in 1950, of whom it recorded 2,307 as white, including 256 foreign born, and 2,506 as nonwhite, of whom 2,502 were in the row the table labels Negro.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "SEX, RACE, AND NATIVITY",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 1, Characteristics of the Population, by Census Tracts, printed page 9",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Of the 1,319 dwelling units the Census Bureau counted in tract 32 in 1950, 316 were owner occupied and 989 were renter occupied.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "All dwelling units",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "In census tract 34, the narrow tract between Dennison Avenue and High Street, the Census Bureau put 254 of the 372 dwelling units reporting, about 68 percent, in the category no private bath or dilapidated, and 120 of them in no running water or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "East of High Street, in census tract 31 on the Italian Village side, the Census Bureau put 413 of 851 dwelling units reporting, about 49 percent, in the category no private bath or dilapidated, and 570 of the 665 units reporting a year built were built in 1919 or earlier; in tract 22 just north of it the figure was 479 of 1,332, about 36 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "On the ground now called Victorian Village the same table gives 656 of 2,336 dwelling units reporting in tract 20, about 28 percent, and 518 of 1,377 in tract 21, about 38 percent, in the category no private bath or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "For the city of Columbus as a whole in 1950 the Census Bureau put 19,458 of the 108,286 dwelling units reporting, about 18 percent, in the category no private bath or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The bulletin published no dwelling unit figures at all for census tract 33, the narrow tract east of Dennison Avenue, whose 4,417 people the Census Bureau counted as 4,408 men and 9 women.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total population, 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 1, Characteristics of the Population, by Census Tracts, printed page 9",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus began inspecting Flytown building by building in July 1952, when its Health, Fire and Building Departments started a blight survey of the Goodale area, and the physical inspection of each structure was finished in October 1952.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "BLIGHT SURVEY OF GOODALE AREA STARTED",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The city's Goodale blight survey report was issued in April 1953 and, in the Urban Redevelopment Authority's words, showed 684 buildings violating city code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Shows 684 buildings violate city code",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The same 1954 report says that in the Goodale area 85 percent of the structures had six or more serious violations of the building, fire or health regulations, or were dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "6 or more serious violations of the building, fire",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The report's own Goodale survey statistics say 692 structures had defective wiring, 469 had defective chimneys, only 10.2 percent had been determined safe with no fire hazard, and 53 percent lacked a second exit required by the Fire Prevention Code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "692 structures presently have defective wiring",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Under the heading goodale today the 1954 report counted 384 structures, 602 dwelling units and 511 families on the ground it proposed to rebuild, and under goodale tomorrow it projected 80 structures holding 1,008 dwelling units and 1,008 families.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "384 Structures 602 Dwelling Units 511 Families",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The redevelopment plan for Goodale was completed in June 1954 and, the city said, would provide 1,008 apartments, parks, neighborhood shopping and an expanded industrial area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Would provide 1,008 apartments, parks, neighborhood shopping",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The 1954 report's own map of blighted areas identifies its urban redevelopment study areas by 1950 census tract, naming tracts 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31 and 32.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Census Tracts 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31 and 32",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Section 5 of Columbus City Ordinance No. 756-53 required that each redevelopment plan include plans for relocating families displaced from the project.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "plans with respect to the relocation of families displaced",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
     "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's annual report for 1956 described the Goodale slum clearance program as the clearance of 50 acres of land and the relocation of 753 families.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Clearance of 50 acres of land, relocation of 753 families",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports, City of Columbus, Ohio, 1956, Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Department, printed pages 33 to 35",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/9888",
     "published": "1957"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The same 1956 annual report records that the city opened a family relocation office in Goodale on July 16, that demolition of houses in the path of the Goodale Expressway started in October, and that by the end of the year the first demolition area had been cleared and 55 families living in its path relocated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Opening of Family Relocation Office in Goodale on July 16",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports, City of Columbus, Ohio, 1956, Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Department, printed pages 33 to 35",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/9888",
     "published": "1957"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "A city slum clearance bond issue passed in September 1956 with 74.8 percent of the vote, according to the city's own annual report for that year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "slum clearance bond issue by 74.8 percent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports, City of Columbus, Ohio, 1956, Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Department, printed pages 33 to 35",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/9888",
     "published": "1957"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "By 1968 the city's Division of Urban Renewal reported that redevelopment of the Goodale Urban Renewal Project had begun in 1961, that nine out of ten buildings there had been found to be substandard, and that a development called Thurber Village covering 122 acres had replaced Flytown.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Nine out of ten buildings were found to be substandard",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Division of Urban Renewal, Department of Development)",
     "title": "Report to the people of Columbus, 1968, Thurber Village (Goodale Urban Renewal Project) spread",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/192494",
     "published": "1968"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The photographs of Flytown that survive in the city's own files were made for the Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission in 1954 and 1956 and are held today by the Columbus Metropolitan Library, given by the City of Columbus Department of Development.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Alley in Flytown, photograph by the Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission, 1954 (item p16802coll28/245956)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245956",
     "published": "1954"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Aerial View of Goodale Area Renewal Project, 1956 (item p16802coll28/245950)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245950",
     "published": "1956"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "A photograph dated October 10, 1958 shows the Goodale leg of the expressway under construction in the Flytown neighborhood area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Goodale leg of expressway under contruction",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Goodale Expressway Construction, photograph by Matthew Mosbacher Sr., October 10, 1958 (item memory/79501)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/79501",
     "published": "1958-10-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The National Park Service's Short North documentation says Interstate 670 runs parallel with and under Goodale and forms a sharp divider between downtown and the Short North.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "runs parallel with and under Goodale forms a sharp divider",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, Short North Multiple Property Area, Columbus (reference 64500487)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/64500487.pdf",
     "published": "1990"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "No National Register historic district is named Victorian Village or Italian Village; the ground west of High Street was listed in 1980 as the Near Northside Historic District, and the National Park Service's own Short North documentation says Victorian Village is included in it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Victorian Villages (included in Near Northside H.D., NR)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Near Northside Historic District, Columbus (reference 80003001)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003001.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, Short North Multiple Property Area, Columbus (reference 64500487)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/64500487.pdf",
     "published": "1990"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places spatial data (nrhp_locations map service), district layer, Franklin County, Ohio records",
     "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Near Northside Historic District nomination describes an area of about 70 square blocks northwest of downtown, on roughly 500 acres, whose development generally occurred between 1870 and 1920.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "encompasses an area of approximately 70 square blocks",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Near Northside Historic District, Columbus (reference 80003001)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003001.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says the Victorian Village Commission and the Victorian Village Historic District were established by Ordinance number 1788-73 in 1973, and the Italian Village Commission and the Italian Village Historic District by Ordinance number 1579-73 in the same year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "established by Ordinance # 1788-73 in 1973",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Victorian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Victorian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Italian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Italian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "In both districts the city requires a Certificate of Appropriateness for exterior alterations, and the city's 1995 report on Italian Village states that all exterior alterations, demolitions and new construction must be reviewed and approved by the commission.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "all exterior altera- tions, demolitions, and new construction, must be reviewed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Victorian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Victorian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Italian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Italian-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The Short North Historic District, a four block stretch of North High Street, was listed on the National Register on April 19, 1990 as part of a Short North multiple property submission.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "encompasses a four-block area of North High Street",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Short North Historic District, Columbus (reference 90000583)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/90000583.pdf",
     "published": "1990"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places spatial data (nrhp_locations map service), district layer, Franklin County, Ohio records",
     "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/1",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Two publishers bound the Short North differently: the National Park Service's 1990 documentation calls it the corridor of North High Street between Goodale Street and King Avenue, while the City of Columbus's 1995 Italian Village report says it runs from Goodale Street north to Eleventh Avenue.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "between Goodale Street on the south and King Avenue on the north",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, Short North Multiple Property Area, Columbus (reference 64500487)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/64500487.pdf",
     "published": "1990"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's 1995 history of Italian Village records that the neighborhood and its western neighbor were both historically known as the North End, and that a Columbus Dispatch article of February 1987 put the bestowing of the name Italian Village in 1972.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "historically known as the North End, a designation shared",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The same city report says that after the Second World War many larger single family homes in Italian Village were converted into multiple family dwellings and the number of rental properties rose, and that by the 1960s the physical condition of the area continued to deteriorate.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "converted into, multiple family dwellings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
     "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "Goodale Park was given to the city in 1851 by Dr. Lincoln Goodale, and the Columbus Recreation and Parks Department puts the gift at 44 acres.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Goodale Park was donated to the city in 1851 by Dr. Lincoln Goodale",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Near Northside Historic District, Columbus (reference 80003001)",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003001.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Recreation and Parks Department",
     "title": "Goodale Park",
     "url": "https://columbusrecparks.com/parks/goodale-park/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C5",
   "a": "Dennison Avenue to the Olentangy River, Goodale Street to Spruce Street",
   "a_source": "S14",
   "b": "Hocking Valley railroad to Neil Avenue, First Avenue to Spruce Street; and separately railroad tracks, the Olentangy River, Buttles Avenue and High Street",
   "b_source": "S10 and S25",
   "printed": "print both, and say the sources differ. Flytown had no legal boundary, and the Columbus Metropolitan Library alone gives three different descriptions across its own records."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C22",
   "a": "19,458 Columbus dwelling units in the category no private bath or dilapidated",
   "a_source": "S1",
   "b": "19,248 dwelling units dilapidated or without private bath, cited to the 1950 census",
   "b_source": "S6",
   "printed": "print A because it is the census's own table. Record B in a note: the city's 1954 report cited the 1950 census for a figure 210 units below what the bulletin prints. The page must not repeat the city's figure as a census figure."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "684 buildings violating city code in the Goodale area, April 1953",
   "a_source": "S6",
   "b": "384 structures on the Goodale ground, 1954",
   "b_source": "S6",
   "printed": "print both with their labels and do not reconcile them. Both figures come from the same city report, which never says whether the survey area and the redevelopment area are the same ground."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C32",
   "a": "clearance of 50 acres, relocation of 753 families",
   "a_source": "S7",
   "b": "Thurber Village covers 122 acres; and a newspaper index abstract of 1960 calls it a 33 acre project",
   "b_source": "S8 and S25",
   "printed": "print both A and the 122 acres of B with their years and their labels, because the 1956 figure is a clearance program and the 1968 figure is the finished development. Do not print the 33 acres, which is a library abstract of a paywalled newspaper story."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C47",
   "a": "44 acres",
   "a_source": "S21",
   "b": "40 acres: an 1854 description of Columbus reprinted in the city manual bound with the 1956 annual reports, AND (independently) the Near Northside National Register nomination's Statement of Significance, \"donated a forty-acre tract of land to the city ... in 1851\"",
   "b_source": "S7, S15",
   "printed": "VERIFIER CORRECTION 2026-09-06: this conflict originally weighed S21's 44 acres against a single 1854 description (S7). That is wrong -- S15, the National Register nomination, was already listed as supporting C47 and, read directly (PDF text extraction of catalog.archives.gov/.../80003001.pdf, the paragraph beginning \"Dr. Lincoln Goodale, who came to Ohio in 1788\"), it independently states a \"forty-acre tract,\" not silence on acreage as the prior note claimed. That makes it two Tier A sources at 40 acres (an 1854 municipal description and a 1977-79 professionally researched NR nomination) against one Tier A source at 44 (the Columbus Recreation and Parks Department's current web page, which reads as marketing copy and gives no citation of its own). The writer should lead with 40 acres, attributed to the historical sources, and note in a sentence that the city's parks department page today says 44; printing only 44 because it is the newest page would be printing the weaker-sourced figure as if it were undisputed."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, printed pages 25 to 28",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, map: Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Areas by Census Tracts, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 1, Characteristics of the Population, by Census Tracts, printed page 9",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory), photograph by the Columbus Dispatch",
   "title": "Flytown Historical Marker Back, a 2-page compound object (dmrecord 23844, dated January 20, 1980); the inscription text quoted here is on child page 1, dmrecord 23842 (\"PS_B107_F15_01a\")",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/dispatch/id/23842",
   "published": "1980-01-20"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "The Historical Marker Database (HMdb.org)",
   "title": "Flytown, marker 42202, Victorian Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=42202",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus, Ohio, Urban Redevelopment Authority)",
   "title": "Urban Redevelopment in Columbus: A Progress Report, 1954",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/147892",
   "published": "1954"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Annual Reports, City of Columbus, Ohio, 1956, Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Department, printed pages 33 to 35",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/9888",
   "published": "1957"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus (Division of Urban Renewal, Department of Development)",
   "title": "Report to the people of Columbus, 1968, Thurber Village (Goodale Urban Renewal Project) spread",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/192494",
   "published": "1968"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Alley in Flytown, photograph by the Columbus Slum Clearance and Rehabilitation Commission, 1954 (item p16802coll28/245956)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245956",
   "published": "1954"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Aerial View of Goodale Area Renewal Project, 1956 (item p16802coll28/245950)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/245950",
   "published": "1956"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Goodale Expressway Construction, photograph by Matthew Mosbacher Sr., October 10, 1958 (item memory/79501)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/79501",
   "published": "1958-10-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Godman Guild House (item african/24508, Godman Guild Audiovisual Collection)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/african/id/24508",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (OhioPix)",
   "title": "Godman Guild main entrance (image AV148_B01F01_01)",
   "url": "https://ohiopix.org/record-display/p267401coll32/28908/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
   "title": "Curious Cbus: What Happened To Flytown And Union Station?, by Gabe Rosenberg",
   "url": "https://radio.wosu.org/post/curious-cbus-what-happened-flytown-and-union-station",
   "published": "2017-12-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form, Near Northside Historic District, Columbus (reference 80003001)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003001.pdf",
   "published": "1980"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Documentation Form, Short North Multiple Property Area, Columbus (reference 64500487)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/64500487.pdf",
   "published": "1990"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "National Park Service (nomination held by the National Archives)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, Short North Historic District, Columbus (reference 90000583)",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/90000583.pdf",
   "published": "1990"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Victorian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Victorian-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Italian Village Commission, Building and Zoning Services",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Design-Review-Boards-Commissions-Panels/Italian-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus (Department of Trade and Development)",
   "title": "Italian Village reinvestment area report and action plan, 1995, History of Italian Village section",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/142914",
   "published": "1995"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Columbus Recreation and Parks Department",
   "title": "Goodale Park",
   "url": "https://columbusrecparks.com/parks/goodale-park/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places spatial data (nrhp_locations map service), district layer, Franklin County, Ohio records",
   "url": "https://mapservices.nps.gov/arcgis/rest/services/cultural_resources/nrhp_locations/MapServer/1",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (Columbus Neighborhoods)",
   "title": "Short North: Flytown, Godman Guild and Italian Village",
   "url": "https://columbusneighborhoods.org/documentary/short-north-flytown-godman-guild-and-italian-village/",
   "published": "2013-08-21"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Spruce Street Homes in Flytown and Spruce Street Corner in Flytown, photographs by Matthew Mosbacher Sr., March 3, 1957 (items memory/70244 and memory/70248)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/70244",
   "published": "1957-03-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (index of the Columbus Dispatch and the Call and Post)",
   "title": "Index abstracts, collection p16802coll35 (items 215845, 54627, 10557, 14669, 16032)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll35/id/215845",
   "published": "various"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Flytown neighborhood photographs and Children in Flytown, Godman Guild Audiovisual Collection (items african/24425, 24426, 24427, 24433)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/african/id/24425",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}