{
 "page": "franklinton-flood-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/franklinton-flood-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "title": "Franklinton, the 1913 flood, and the water and sewers of Columbus's original settlement",
 "record": "kb-wave-nine-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Lucas Sullivant laid out the town of Franklinton on the west bank of the Scioto River in August 1797, on the bottom land just below the meeting of the Scioto and the Olentangy.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Lucas Sullivant, in August, 1797, laid out the town of Franklinton",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The first plat fronted the river opposite the forks, but before the lots were sold a flood covered the lowland, and the plan of the town was moved back to the higher ground next to it.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a flood came to warn him and he shifted the plat to higher ground",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "Lee's 1892 history calls that inundation the first flood in the Scioto of which any record exists.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The first flood in the Scioto of which we have any record",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "Franklinton and about 4,052 acres taken from the surrounding townships were brought inside the city of Columbus by joint action of the City Council and the county commissioners.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "an area of 4,052 acres, including Franklinton, the original settlement",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Jacob H. Studer, published in Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/columbusohioitsh00stud/columbusohioitsh00stud_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1873"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Published histories do not agree on the year Franklinton became part of Columbus: the 1920 city history says 1870, the city's own 1873 account says 1871, and the 1892 history says 1873.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "in 1871, its corporate limits were enlarged by the annexation of territory",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Jacob H. Studer, published in Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/columbusohioitsh00stud/columbusohioitsh00stud_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1873"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Hooper's 1920 history says that twenty years after the annexation the population of the annexed section was about 12,000.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Twenty years later the population was about 12,000.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "For many years Columbus had neither water works nor sewers, and each household drew its water from its own well and put its waste in vaults and cesspools sunk in the same lot.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Each household derived its water supply from its own wells",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "Columbus's first water works was authorized by ordinance on February 15, 1870 and built on eight acres at the mouth of the Olentangy, on the west side of the river beside Franklinton.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "water works on eight acres of land at the mouth of the Olentangy",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Hooper's history says that after the 1908 plant began softening the city's water, cisterns began to be abandoned because the water was soft enough for most household purposes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "cisterns began to be abandoned, the water being soft enough",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Until 1897 the sewers on the west side of the river had been built without a system, on the same idea of emptying everything into the river; in that year a system of separate storm and sanitary sewers was designed for the West Side.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Until 1897, the sewers on the West Side had been constructed without system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "When the improved sewage works went into service in 1908 the intercepting sewer was carried across the Scioto and the West Side sanitary and storm systems were extended to the same point, so west-side sewage went to treatment instead of into the river.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the West Side sanitary and storm sewer systems were extended to the same point",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Levees on the west side of the Scioto were begun by the State about 1833 to stop the river overflowing above the canal dam, running from below Rich Street to near Sandusky Street.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "begun by the State about 1833 to prevent overflow of the river",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The Scioto at Columbus crested at 21.3 feet on March 23, 1898, and that was the highest stage on record there until 1913.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the previous maximum (21.3 feet March 23, 1898)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913, Including Comparisons with Some Earlier Floods (Water-Supply Paper 334)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report.pdf",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "After the 1898 flood the city decided to raise the levee six feet above that year's high-water mark, and in 1899 it rebuilt, raised or strengthened two and a half miles of it.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "raise the levee six feet above the high water mark of 1898",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
     "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The Scioto at Columbus crested at 22.9 feet at noon on March 25, 1913, only 1.6 feet above the 1898 maximum.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the crest of 22.9 feet, only 1.6 feet greater than the previous maximum",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913, Including Comparisons with Some Earlier Floods (Water-Supply Paper 334)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report.pdf",
     "published": "1913"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
     "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Federal Emergency Management Agency's flood insurance study for Franklin County calls the March 1913 flood the maximum flood of record on both the Olentangy and the Scioto through Columbus and Franklin County.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the maximum flood of record on the Olentangy River and the Scioto River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913, Including Comparisons with Some Earlier Floods (Water-Supply Paper 334)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report.pdf",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Society's account of the March 23 to 27, 1913 flood says rainfall over the state totaled six to eleven inches, that the death toll was 467 and that more than 40,000 homes were flooded.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The death toll was 467 and more than 40,000 homes were flooded.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historical Society (now Ohio History Connection)",
     "title": "March 23-27, 1913: Statewide Flood, Ohio weather history site",
     "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20201027142047/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/swio/pages/content/1913_flood.htm",
     "published": "2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Silver Jackets flood centennial project gives the storm total rainfall at Columbus as 6.97 inches and the known fatalities there as 92.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Storm Total Rainfall: 6.97\"",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
     "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Hooper's 1920 city history says 93 lives were lost in the Columbus flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In these and other ways, 93 lives were lost.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The water overtopped the west-side levee on the morning of Tuesday, March 25, 1913, and by noon the low ground was under water.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "By 9 o'clock Tuesday morning the water overtopped the levee",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
     "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Silver Jackets profile says about 2.75 miles of the seven miles of levee was destroyed and that the west side of town was filled with fifteen to twenty feet of water.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The west side of town was filled with 15-20 feet of water.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
     "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "Hooper's history counts 1,071 dwelling houses flooded and 20,000 people fed from relief supplies in the first days.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The number of dwelling houses flooded was 1,071",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Hooper's history says the entire city was without water for twenty hours after the 1913 flood, and the West Side for about a week.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "without water for 20 hours and the West Side for about a week",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Hooper's history says all the public schools closed for three days and the nine public schools on the West Side for five weeks or more, and that four street bridges were destroyed.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the nine public schools on the West Side for five weeks or more",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The consulting engineers the city employed after the flood concluded that the maximum flow at Columbus in March 1913 was about 140,000 cubic feet per second, roughly three and a half times the average flood of the two rivers combined.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the maximum flow of the flood of 1913 at Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Ohio (report by its consulting engineers, reviewed by a board of United States Army Engineers)",
     "title": "Preliminary Copy of Summary and Estimates from the Report on Flood Protection for the City of Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminarycopyo00alvo/preliminarycopyo00alvo_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913-09-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The engineers reported on September 15, 1913 with ten projects, but the plan the city favored was beaten at the polls, and in November 1916 the voters instead approved widening the river channel to 580 feet, about twice its old width.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a 580-foot channel, substantially twice the old width",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Ohio (report by its consulting engineers, reviewed by a board of United States Army Engineers)",
     "title": "Preliminary Copy of Summary and Estimates from the Report on Flood Protection for the City of Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminarycopyo00alvo/preliminarycopyo00alvo_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913-09-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "An earth levee was built along the west bank of the widened channel, with concrete used for a stretch of 1,200 feet north of Broad Street.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "except for a distance 1,200 feet north of Broad street where concrete was used",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "FEMA describes that 1,200-foot concrete section as built three feet lower than the top of the levee so that it acts as a spillway in an extreme flood and keeps the levees downstream from being overtopped and damaged.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "designed to act as a spillway during extreme floods",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Hooper's history judged the older approach a failure outright, writing that the 1913 flood proved levee building was vain and that protection must be sought otherwise.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The 1913 flood proved that levee-building was vain",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Flows on the Olentangy were unregulated before 1951; the Corps of Engineers' Delaware Dam, begun in 1946 and finished in 1951, has since had a major effect on reducing flood peaks through Columbus and Franklin County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Construction was initiated in 1946 and completed in 1951.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The Corps of Engineers' Huntington District built a floodwall along the Scioto as part of the West Columbus Local Protection Project, also known as the Franklinton Floodwall: a 7.25-mile line of floodwall and levees on the west bank, with closures at streets and railroads and pump stations that carry storm water away from it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a 7.25-mile long local protection project along the western bank",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "FEMA gives the floodwall a certified completion date of April 4, 2003 and says it protects against the one-percent-annual-chance flood in the area of Franklinton.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It has a certified completion date of April 4, 2003",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "WOSU Public Media reported in 2012 that construction of the floodwall began in 1993 and that it was dedicated in 2004.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "actual construction did not begin, she says, until 1993",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "After Floodwall, Franklinton Continues To Struggle",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/news/2012-02-14/after-floodwall-franklinton-continues-to-struggle",
     "published": "2012-02-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "WOSU Public Media reported that before the floodwall the federal government had prohibited new construction in Franklinton because it was in a flood prone area, and that not a single new house had been built there in eighty years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "not a single new house had been built in Franklinton in 80 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "After Floodwall, Franklinton Continues To Struggle",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/news/2012-02-14/after-floodwall-franklinton-continues-to-struggle",
     "published": "2012-02-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "After the January 1959 flood the Dry Run levee was raised and strengthened and a levee segment was built along Dublin Road, but FEMA says that levee is not recognized as providing protection from the base flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "this levee is not recognized as providing protection from the base flood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Columbus was first counted by census tract in 1930, and by the 1940 census it had 61 tracts inside the city and none in the adjacent area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "all cities of 250,000 or more inhabitants were tracted for the 1940 census",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "Report of Activities in Census Tract Cities (1940 census tract city reports)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/rpts-tract-cities/43050007ch1.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau's 1950 tract bulletin for Columbus draws four tracts over Franklinton and the near west side: tracts 41, 42, 43 and 50, between the Scioto River on the east and Central Avenue on the west, and between the river on the north and the city limits on the south.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "COLUMBUS, OHIO, AND ADJACENT AREAS BY CENSUS TRACTS",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Those four tracts held 21,259 people in the 1950 census: 5,535 in tract 41, 3,834 in tract 42, 6,387 in tract 43 and 5,503 in tract 50.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total population, 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "In the 1950 census 19,458 of the 108,286 Columbus dwelling units reporting condition and plumbing facilities, about 18 percent, were counted as having no private bath or as dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "In the four Franklinton tracts the same measure ran from about 21 percent to about 39 percent in 1950: 312 of 1,496 in tract 41, 426 of 1,087 in tract 42, 387 of 1,750 in tract 43 and 354 of 1,625 in tract 50.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The near west side was not the worst-supplied part of the city in 1950: the tract immediately across the river had 1,750 of 2,573 units, about 68 percent, in the same category.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The housing was already old when that count was taken: in tract 42 the Census Bureau put 860 of the 980 units reporting a year built, and in tract 41 885 of 1,325, at 1919 or earlier.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1919 or earlier",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The 1950 bulletin states that the boundaries of its census tracts are the same as the 1940 tracts of the corresponding number except for a listed few, and tracts 41, 42, 43 and 50 are not on that list.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Boundaries of 1950 census tracts are the same as for 1940 tracts",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Flood Insurance Rate Map for the city of Columbus is dated July 5, 1983, and the engineering work behind it was prepared for FEMA by the Corps of Engineers' Huntington District.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "for the FIRM dated July 5, 1983",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "FEMA revised the Franklin County study in March 2004, and it says the goal of the reworked Scioto River model was to evaluate the impact of the new floodwall built for the West Columbus Local Protection Project.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the impact of the new floodwall constructed for the West Columbus Local Protection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
     "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06-16"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C5",
   "a": "1870",
   "a_source": "S5 (Hooper 1920)",
   "b": "1871",
   "b_source": "S7 (Studer 1873)",
   "printed": "print both, with a third reading noted. Lee 1892 (S6) gives 1873. All three agree on 4,052 acres. Studer, writing closest to the event, says the county commissioners put the annexation off until just after the 1870 census was taken, which is the likeliest reason two years are in circulation. The page should give the acreage as settled and the year as contested rather than pick one silently."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C21",
   "a": "92 known fatalities at Columbus",
   "a_source": "S3 (Silver Jackets)",
   "b": "93 lives lost",
   "b_source": "S5 (Hooper 1920)",
   "printed": "print both with the publishers named, and note that the Ohio Historical Society (S2) says approximately 100 died in Columbus. No source found reconciles the three or explains what each counts. The brief's premise of about 93 is supported by exactly one of them."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C23",
   "a": "15 to 20 feet of water on the west side",
   "a_source": "S3 (Silver Jackets)",
   "b": "9 to 17 feet deep through neighborhoods",
   "b_source": "S2 (Ohio Historical Society)",
   "printed": "print both with the publishers named. Neither says where in the district it measured, and the ground falls away from the levee, so the two ranges may describe different places rather than contradict each other."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C34",
   "a": "certified completion date of April 4, 2003; protects against the one-percent-annual-chance flood",
   "a_source": "S4 (FEMA flood insurance study)",
   "b": "dedicated in 2004; a 500-year flood design reported in a magazine explainer",
   "b_source": "S9 (WOSU) for the dedication; the 500-year figure is search-snippet-only, see resolution",
   "printed": "print FEMA. A certified completion date and a dedication are two different events, and both may stand with their publishers named. The 500-year figure comes from a Columbus Monthly explainer of 2015 that returned 402 Payment Required and was never opened, so it is search-snippet-only and inadmissible; it is also contradicted by the federal study that governs the flood map. It does not print."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C33",
   "a": "7.25 miles",
   "a_source": "S4 (FEMA flood insurance study)",
   "b": "7.14 miles",
   "b_source": "search-snippet-only, from the same paywalled Columbus Monthly explainer",
   "printed": "print FEMA's 7.25 miles. The 7.14 figure was seen only in a search summary of a page that could not be opened; it is recorded here so a re-checker knows it exists and does not print."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C22",
   "a": "about 9 o'clock Tuesday morning",
   "a_source": "S5 (Hooper 1920)",
   "b": "9:25 a.m.",
   "b_source": "S3 (Silver Jackets)",
   "printed": "print A because it is the looser and safer statement, and say the second gives 9:25 a.m. The two are half an hour apart and agree on the day and the hour."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "The Ohio Valley Flood of March-April, 1913, Including Comparisons with Some Earlier Floods (Water-Supply Paper 334)",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0334/report.pdf",
   "published": "1913"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio Historical Society (now Ohio History Connection)",
   "title": "March 23-27, 1913: Statewide Flood, Ohio weather history site",
   "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20201027142047/http://ohsweb.ohiohistory.org/swio/pages/content/1913_flood.htm",
   "published": "2006"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Silver Jackets, hosted by the Midwestern Regional Climate Center",
   "title": "The Great Flood of 1913, 100 Years Later - Community Profiles: Columbus, Ohio",
   "url": "https://mrcc.purdue.edu/1913Flood/communities/columbus",
   "published": "2013"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Insurance Study, Franklin County, Ohio and Incorporated Areas, Volume 1 of 4",
   "url": "https://msc.fema.gov/data/39/S/PDF/39049CV001D.pdf",
   "published": "2011-06-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1920"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Jacob H. Studer, published in Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/columbusohioitsh00stud/columbusohioitsh00stud_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1873"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
   "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Bulletin P-D13)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
   "title": "After Floodwall, Franklinton Continues To Struggle",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/news/2012-02-14/after-floodwall-franklinton-continues-to-struggle",
   "published": "2012-02-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Ohio (report by its consulting engineers, reviewed by a board of United States Army Engineers)",
   "title": "Preliminary Copy of Summary and Estimates from the Report on Flood Protection for the City of Columbus, Ohio",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/preliminarycopyo00alvo/preliminarycopyo00alvo_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1913-09-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
   "title": "Report of Activities in Census Tract Cities (1940 census tract city reports)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/rpts-tract-cities/43050007ch1.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Memory",
   "title": "1913 flood photographs of Columbus, Columbus Citizen-Journal Photograph Collection and others",
   "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p267401coll32/id/29370/",
   "published": "1913"
  }
 ]
}