{
 "page": "gahanna-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/gahanna-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "title": "Gahanna's water, sewers and bathrooms, from the mill town to the Columbus contract",
 "record": "kb-wave-nine-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Gahanna was founded on Big Walnut Creek in 1849, when John Clark laid out the part of the village south of Granville Street.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "was laid out in 1849, by John Clark, esq.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The City of Gahanna says the land came from 800 acres John Clark's father Joseph had bought from Governor Worthington in 1814, and that Clark called the property the Gahanna Plantation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Clark named his property the Gahanna Plantation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "A second town, Bridgeport, was laid out in 1853 by Jesse Baughman on the other side of Granville Street, and the two later became one town under the name Gahanna.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "properly called Bridgeport, was laid out in 1853, by Jesse Baughman",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "An 1880 county history called Gahanna a hamlet of about three hundred people and recorded that the village had never been incorporated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The village was never incorporated.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The City of Gahanna says fifty-five citizens petitioned Franklin County to incorporate the village in March 1881, that the incorporation was recorded on August 8, 1881, and that the first mayor was sworn in on October 6, 1881.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The incorporation was granted in June and was recorded on August 8th, 1881",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The City of Gahanna traces settlement of the ground now called Olde Gahanna to 1803, following the United States Military Land Act of 1796.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the early settlement of the area known as Olde Gahanna began in 1803",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "An Historical Walking Tour of Gahanna",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/475",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The creek was the reason the town existed: an 1880 county history records that the first grist mill in Mifflin township was built at Gahanna in 1859 by Joel and Jesse Baughman.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The first and only grist-mill in the township was built in 1859",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The city says the settlers took water, food and power from Big Walnut Creek, and that the original millrace site can still be seen along it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The original millrace site can still be seen along the Big Walnut Creek.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "An Historical Walking Tour of Gahanna",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/475",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "Big Walnut Creek carried the name Gahanna in the nineteenth century: an 1880 county history calls it \"the Gahanna river, commonly called Big Walnut creek\".",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the Gahanna river, commonly called Big Walnut creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "What the name means is not settled: the City of Gahanna says it comes from a Native American word for three creeks joining into one, while an 1880 county history says the stream was known as \"the Gahanna, or Big Belly,\" the latter being the name of an Indian well known in the country.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "the stream was then known as the Gahanna, or Big Belly",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The three-creek junction the city's seal refers to is on the record: the 1880 county history describes Big Walnut, Alum Creek and Blacklick Creek coming together downstream, writing that \"The three streams unite their waters in section seventeen\".",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The three streams unite their waters in section seventeen",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
     "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1880"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "In the Ohio State Board of Health's report for 1893, Gahanna appears with a population of 207 and a village health officer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "GAHANNA— Population, 207",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending December 31, 1893",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1893ohio/annualreportofst1893ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1894"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Asked in 1893 to describe the public improvements of a sanitary character made during the year, Gahanna's health officer named no water works and no sewers, only that hog pens, slaughter houses and filth had been removed.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The hog pens, slaughter houses and filth removed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending December 31, 1893",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1893ohio/annualreportofst1893ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1894"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "In 1896 the secretary of the Ohio State Board of Health drove out to Gahanna at the mayor's request and reported that the village, which he called a small village eight miles from Columbus, had no board of health and that the mayor had been acting as health officer without legal authority.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There is no board of health in the village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The state board's 1898 volume gives Gahanna an estimated population of 306 with the mayor as the person responsible, and prints \"No report\" where other towns described their sanitary work.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Population (estimated), 306. No report.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "In 1900 the mayor's entire report to the state for Gahanna was that the village was in splendid condition and that filth and nuisances were properly removed.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Our village is in splendid condition.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1900",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1900ohio/annualreportofst1900ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1901"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "By 1903 the state's volume records Gahanna at 400 people, with the mayor serving as health officer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Population, 400. Person making report, D. L. Stygler, mayor and health officer.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1903",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1904"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Across every annual report of the Ohio State Board of Health from 1886 through 1913, Gahanna appears only in the rosters of village health officers, in the short summaries local boards sent in, in one investigation of an illness in 1896 and in one laboratory table of water samples; no report on a public water supply or a system of sewerage for the village appears in any of them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "GAHANNA, FRANKLIN COUNTY.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending December 31, 1893",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1893ohio/annualreportofst1893ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1894"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1900",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1900ohio/annualreportofst1900ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1901"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1903",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1904"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1905",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1905ohio/annualreportofst1905ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The one time the state's laboratory looked at Gahanna water in these years, in 1905, the two samples were printed under the heading Examinations of Miscellaneous Waters rather than in any report on a public supply.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "EXAMINATIONS OF MISCELLANEOUS WATERS",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1905",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1905ohio/annualreportofst1905ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau counted 417 people in Gahanna village in 1930, 425 in 1940 and 596 in 1950.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Gahanna village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-38.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Because the village had fewer than 2,500 people, the census counted Gahanna as rural in 1950, and it is not one of the places listed as part of the Columbus urbanized area that year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The urbanized area includes the following minor civil divisions",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-38.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The 1950 census tract report for Columbus does reach Gahanna, but not by name: the village lay inside Mifflin township, which the report divided into two tracts, MI-74 and MI-75.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Each urban place which comprises one or more complete tracts is listed separately",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Chapter 13, Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "In those two Mifflin township tracts in 1950 the census found 905 dwelling units reporting in MI-74, of which 435 had no private bath or were dilapidated, and 1,215 reporting in MI-75, of which 468 had no private bath or were dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Chapter 13, Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The same table shows 360 units in MI-74 and 241 in MI-75 with no running water or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No running water or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Chapter 13, Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The same 1950 table counted 108,286 dwelling units reporting in the city of Columbus, of which 19,458 had no private bath or were dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Chapter 13, Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Counted the other way, in the part of Franklin County the census called rural nonfarm, which is where Gahanna's houses sat in 1950, it found 13,481 dwelling units, of which 6,127 had no bathtub or shower and 5,927 had other toilet facilities including a privy.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Other toilet facilities (including privy)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Housing, Volume I, General Characteristics, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The same county table shows how new that housing was: of 12,420 rural nonfarm units in Franklin County reporting a year built, 3,285 had been built in 1945 or later.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1945 or later",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Housing, Volume I, General Characteristics, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The United States Geological Survey records that the flow of Big Walnut Creek has been completely regulated by Hoover Dam since September 1954, and that Columbus began diverting water above the downstream gage for part of its municipal supply on June 15, 1956.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Flow completely regulated by Hoover Dam beginning September 1954",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The City of Gahanna is a master meter community, also called a satellite or consecutive public water system, which means it buys its treated water from the City of Columbus rather than treating any of its own.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The City of Gahanna is a \"master meter\" community",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "2025 Consumer Confidence Report, City of Gahanna Department of Public Service",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3845/ccr-2025",
     "published": "2026"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Safe Drinking Water Information System, WATER_SYSTEM record for GAHANNA CITY PWS",
     "url": "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GAHANNA/JSON",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The water Gahanna buys comes from the Columbus plant on Morse Road, whose source is Hoover Reservoir on Big Walnut Creek, so the creek the town was laid out on is also the creek its taps run on.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "surface water from the Hoover Reservoir via the Big Walnut Creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "2025 Consumer Confidence Report, City of Gahanna Department of Public Service",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3845/ccr-2025",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The federal drinking water inventory lists the Gahanna city system as OH2501303, a community water system on purchased surface water, with 10,638 service connections serving 33,258 people.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "GAHANNA CITY PWS",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Safe Drinking Water Information System, WATER_SYSTEM record for GAHANNA CITY PWS",
     "url": "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GAHANNA/JSON",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Gahanna does not treat its own wastewater; the city calls itself a satellite community for that reason and sends its sewage to Columbus, while owning and maintaining the pipes underneath its own streets.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The City of Gahanna is classified as a satellite community",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Public Utilities",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/224/Public-Utilities",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "Not every house in Gahanna is on that sewer: the city tells residents who are not tied to its sanitary system to maintain their own household treatment system.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "residents who are not tied to the City's sanitary system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Public Utilities",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/224/Public-Utilities",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "In Gahanna the city maintains the sanitary mains and the property owner maintains the sanitary lateral, the pipe running from the main to the building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The City is responsible for maintaining the sanitary mains.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Frequently Asked Questions (Utilities: Water; Utilities: Sanitary Sewer; Public Health; Permits: Building Permits; Charter Review)",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/faq.aspx",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "On the water side Gahanna maintains the mains and the line from the main to the curb box, and the property owner maintains the lateral from the curb box into the building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The property owner is responsible for maintaining the water lateral",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Frequently Asked Questions (Utilities: Water; Utilities: Sanitary Sewer; Public Health; Permits: Building Permits; Charter Review)",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/faq.aspx",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "Gahanna has no health department of its own: the city contracts all health-related services through the Franklin County Board of Health, and plumbing inspections on a Gahanna building permit are made by Franklin County Public Health.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Inspected by Franklin County Public Health.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Frequently Asked Questions (Utilities: Water; Utilities: Sanitary Sewer; Public Health; Permits: Building Permits; Charter Review)",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/faq.aspx",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Gahanna is building an inventory of the material of every water service line in the city under the federal Lead and Copper Rule Revisions, publishes it as a searchable map, and sorts each line into one of four categories: non-lead, unknown, lead, or galvanized requiring replacement.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Service lines classified as unknown have not been confirmed.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Water System Lead Service Line Identification",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/596/Water-System-Lead-Service-Line-Identific",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "2025 Consumer Confidence Report, City of Gahanna Department of Public Service",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3845/ccr-2025",
     "published": "2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The City of Gahanna's FAQ page says it adopted its current city charter on January 2, 1962, but the city's own 2023 financial report gives a different date for the same charter, so neither should print as settled.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "The City of Gahanna adopted its current City Charter January 2, 1962.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "Frequently Asked Questions (Utilities: Water; Utilities: Sanitary Sewer; Public Health; Permits: Building Permits; Charter Review)",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/faq.aspx",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna, Ohio",
     "title": "Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, City of Gahanna, Ohio, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023",
     "url": "https://ohioauditor.gov/Auditsearch/Reports/2024/City_of_Gahanna_2023_Franklin_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Under Ohio law the difference between a village and a city is a population count: the Revised Code provides that villages which at any federal census have a population of five thousand or more become cities.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Villages, which, at any federal census, have a population of five thousand or more",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "State of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code)",
     "title": "Ohio Revised Code section 703.01, Classification of municipal corporations",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-703.01",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau's April 1, 2020 estimates base for Gahanna city is 35,727 people, and its estimate for July 1, 2024 is 35,544.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Gahanna city",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places, vintage 2024 (sub-est2024.csv)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/cities/totals/sub-est2024.csv",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "In January 1959 Big Walnut Creek ran higher than it had in 1913: at the Geological Survey's gage below Gahanna, near Rees in Franklin County, the peak came at one in the afternoon on January 22, 1959 at a gage height of 22.03 feet, against 20.5 feet for the flood of March 25, 1913.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "at Rees was 1.5 feet above the 1913 maximum stage",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Gahanna Historical Society",
     "title": "Articles from GHS: History of Gahanna Flooding; History of THE BIG ROCK IN LINTNER PARK; A History of Gahanna's Streams",
     "url": "https://www.gahannahistory.com/articles",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Geological Survey noted that Hoover Reservoir stored more than two inches of runoff from its drainage area during that storm and the creek downstream still passed its 1913 mark.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Hoover Reservoir on Big Walnut Creek stored more than 2 inches",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The Gahanna Historical Society records that Mill Street in Old Gahanna lies in the floodplain, that it and many of its buildings took several feet of water in 1959, and that a glacial boulder placed in Lintner Park carries a plaque marking how high the water stood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Our Mill Street, in Old Gahanna, is in the floodplain.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Gahanna Historical Society",
     "title": "Articles from GHS: History of Gahanna Flooding; History of THE BIG ROCK IN LINTNER PARK; A History of Gahanna's Streams",
     "url": "https://www.gahannahistory.com/articles",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The Gahanna Historical Society says the flooding of the 1950s and 1970s led the city council to pass what it calls Central Ohio's first flood retention and detention law, requiring new development to hold the rain that falls on it and release it slowly.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Council passed Central Ohio's first flood retention and detention law.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Gahanna Historical Society",
     "title": "Articles from GHS: History of Gahanna Flooding; History of THE BIG ROCK IN LINTNER PARK; A History of Gahanna's Streams",
     "url": "https://www.gahannahistory.com/articles",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The city says its council created the Olde Gahanna District in 1976 to recognize the original part of the town, and that buildings from the mill years remain in the Mill and Granville street area, several of them on the National Register of Historic Places.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Olde Gahanna District was created by the City Council in 1976",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
     "title": "An Historical Walking Tour of Gahanna",
     "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/475",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus, on its own utilities pages, lists Gahanna among the communities it provides water or sewer service to besides Columbus itself.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The communities we provide water and/or sewer service to in addition to Columbus include",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Water & Sewer Contract Communities",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/The-Division-of-Sewage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Water-Sewer-Contract-Communities",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C10",
   "a": "The name comes from a Native American word for three creeks joining into one, and was the former name of Big Walnut Creek",
   "a_source": "S1",
   "b": "The stream was known as the Gahanna, or Big Belly, the latter being the name of an Indian well known in the country",
   "b_source": "S4",
   "printed": "print both, each attributed. The two publishers agree that Gahanna was the creek's older name, which is the durable half; they disagree about what the word meant, and neither is in a position to settle it. VERIFIER 2026-09-06: value_b previously read \"a man well known in the country,\" which silently dropped \"Indian\" from the source's own wording; corrected to match the source exactly."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "Hoover Reservoir dated 1953 in one City of Columbus document and 1955 in another, as the site's existing water supply page already records",
   "a_source": "the site's own page columbus-water-supply-where-it-comes-from.html",
   "b": "Flow of Big Walnut Creek completely regulated by Hoover Dam beginning September 1954, and diversion for part of the Columbus municipal supply beginning June 15, 1956",
   "b_source": "S15",
   "printed": "print A because these are answers to different questions: the city's dates are for the reservoir, the survey's are for when the gage record shows regulation and diversion beginning. Print the survey's statement as a gaging record about the creek, not as a correction of the reservoir's date."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C38",
   "a": "The City of Gahanna adopted its current City Charter January 2, 1962",
   "a_source": "S21",
   "b": "The current Charter... was adopted by the electorate June 27, 1961",
   "b_source": "S24",
   "printed": "print neither date as settled fact. Added by the verifier 2026-09-06. Both documents are the City of Gahanna describing itself -- S21 is the city's FAQ page, S24 is the city's own management narrative inside its 2023 financial report filed with the Ohio Auditor of State -- so this is not two independent publishers, it is the same publisher giving two different dates for what both call its current charter. If the page prints a charter date at all, attribute it to the specific document and note that the city's other public document gives a different one. Do not speculate that one date is a voter-approval date and the other an effective date; no source says that, and the schema rule against 'improving' a date by reasoning applies here."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "History",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/281/History",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Gahanna Historical Society",
   "title": "Gahanna History",
   "url": "https://www.gahannahistory.com/gahannahistory",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "An Historical Walking Tour of Gahanna",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/475",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Williams Bros. (History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio)",
   "title": "History of Franklin and Pickaway Counties, Ohio, with illustrations and biographical sketches",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyoffrankli0000vari/historyoffrankli0000vari_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1880"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending December 31, 1893",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1893ohio/annualreportofst1893ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1894"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1896",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1897"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1898",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1899"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1900",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1900ohio/annualreportofst1900ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1901"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1903",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1904"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1905",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1905ohio/annualreportofst1905ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1906"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume I, Number of Inhabitants, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-38.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 United States Census of Housing, Volume I, General Characteristics, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
   "published": "1953"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Chapter 13, Census Tract Statistics, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places, vintage 2024 (sub-est2024.csv)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2020-2024/cities/totals/sub-est2024.csv",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418)",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
   "published": "1959"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Gahanna Historical Society",
   "title": "Articles from GHS: History of Gahanna Flooding; History of THE BIG ROCK IN LINTNER PARK; A History of Gahanna's Streams",
   "url": "https://www.gahannahistory.com/articles",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "2025 Consumer Confidence Report, City of Gahanna Department of Public Service",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/DocumentCenter/View/3845/ccr-2025",
   "published": "2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Safe Drinking Water Information System, WATER_SYSTEM record for GAHANNA CITY PWS",
   "url": "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/WATER_SYSTEM/PWS_NAME/CONTAINING/GAHANNA/JSON",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "Public Utilities",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/224/Public-Utilities",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "Water System Lead Service Line Identification",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/596/Water-System-Lead-Service-Line-Identific",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna",
   "title": "Frequently Asked Questions (Utilities: Water; Utilities: Sanitary Sewer; Public Health; Permits: Building Permits; Charter Review)",
   "url": "https://www.gahanna.gov/faq.aspx",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "State of Ohio (Ohio Revised Code)",
   "title": "Ohio Revised Code section 703.01, Classification of municipal corporations",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-703.01",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "Water & Sewer Contract Communities",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/The-Division-of-Sewage-Drainage/Wastewater-Treatment/Water-Sewer-Contract-Communities",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "City of Gahanna, Ohio",
   "title": "Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, City of Gahanna, Ohio, for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2023",
   "url": "https://ohioauditor.gov/Auditsearch/Reports/2024/City_of_Gahanna_2023_Franklin_FINAL.pdf",
   "published": "2024"
  }
 ]
}