{
 "page": "german-village-bathrooms-and-sanitation-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/german-village-bathrooms-and-sanitation-history.html",
 "title": "German Village, the privy and the sewer: how the South Side's brick houses got their bathrooms",
 "record": "kb-wave-nine-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "German Village is a historic district on the south side of downtown Columbus; the 1974 National Register nomination describes it as encompassing 233 acres, over 1800 structures and more than 3,000 residents.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Its boundaries encompass 233 acres, over 1800 structures and more than 3,000 residents.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
     "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says German immigrants began settlement in Columbus in 1812 but did not reach significant numbers until after 1830.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "German immigrants began settling in Columbus in 1812",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
     "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says the bulk of the German population made their homes in McGown's Addition on the south side of Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The bulk of the German population made their homes in McGown's Addition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says that by 1890 there were about 7,000 Germans in south Columbus.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "by 1890 there were about 7,000 Germans in south Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
     "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The German Village Society says the area was initially platted in 1814 in Columbus's South End and developed primarily between 1840 and 1914.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Initially platted in 1814 in Columbus's South End",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says the earliest houses were one-story and one-and-a-half-story brick single or double homes on limestone foundations, simple, small buildings averaging 18 feet wide and 32 feet long.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "They are simple, small buildings averaging 18 feet wide and 32 feet long.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says the lot size in German Village is typically 30 feet by 90 feet, with houses built close to the property line and facing the street.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The lot size is typically 30 feet by 90 feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says the larger two-story hip-roofed brick houses of German Village were built in the 1860s and 1870s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "built in the 1860's and 1870's at the height of German Village prosperity",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination describes a 23 acre park in the southern part of German Village, known today as Schiller Park.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the 23 acre Shiller Park in the southern part of German Village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Planning Association",
     "title": "German Village: Columbus, Ohio, Great Places in America, Great Neighborhoods",
     "url": "https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/germanvillage.htm",
     "published": "2011"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Alfred Lee's 1892 history of Columbus says the city went for many years without water works or sewerage, and that each household derived its water supply from its own wells.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Each household derived its water supply from its own wells",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 1",
     "title": "Chapter XXX, Geology and Geography, by Edward Orton, pages 690 to 693",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The same 1892 history says all the forms of waste were disposed of in vaults and cesspools sunk in the same lot on which the well was located.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "all the forms of waste were disposed of in vaults and cesspools",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 1",
     "title": "Chapter XXX, Geology and Geography, by Edward Orton, pages 690 to 693",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Lee's history reports that as of April 1854 Columbus was drained by about 12,600 feet of underground sewers and had 30 public cisterns.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There are 30 public cisterns",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "Lee's history says the water was let into the pipes of the new Columbus water works on March 6, 1871.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the water was let into the pipes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "Lee's history says five miles of water pipe had been laid when the water was first let in, about seventy miles more went down during the following season, and 736 permits were taken out in the first year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The number of permits taken out the first year was 736.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Lee's history says the Alum Creek pumping station's engines were first put in motion on May 6, 1891, and that water was furnished from that station to the eastern portion of the city as far west as Grant Avenue.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to the eastern portion of the city as far west as Grant Avenue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Lee's history quotes a June 1870 account saying the big sewer at the South End had drained the wells along its route, and that water had disappeared from all except those sunk below the sewer line, some thirty feet below the surface.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Water has disappeared from all except those sunk below the sewer line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Lee's history says the Fourth Street sewer, four feet in diameter and running 1,168 feet from Spring Street to Linn Alley, was completed in August 1870.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Fourth Street sewer, four feet in diameter and extending from Spring",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Lee's history prints the city engineer's report for the year ended April 8, 1872, which lists main sewers in Fourth Street, South Public Lane, Center Alley, Oak Street, Cherry Street, Broad Street, Mound Street and West Street.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The cost of main sewers was thus stated in the City Engineer's report",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Lee's history records a street renaming ordinance pending in September 1872 under which South Public Lane became Livingston Avenue and East Public Lane became Parsons Avenue.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Soutli Public Lane to Livingston Avenue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
     "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "Lee's 1892 history says Columbus is irrevocably committed to the combined system, meaning one pipe carrying both sewage and storm water.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus is irrevocably committed to the combined system.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 1",
     "title": "Chapter XXX, Geology and Geography, by Edward Orton, pages 690 to 693",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Columbus Metropolitan Library holds a set of 34 glass plate negatives dated 1902, given to the German Village Society, that document the installation of sewers in Columbus and the plans for their construction.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The images document the installation of sewers in Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus Memory",
     "title": "German Village Society Collection, sewer installation glass plate negatives, 1902 (SC_Druen_001 to SC_Druen_034)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/174174",
     "published": "1902"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "Two plates in that 1902 set photograph engineering drawings labeled Manhole and Siphon at Third and Beck St. and Overflow Weir at Sycamore St. near Fifth, both inside German Village.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Manhole and Siphon at Third and Beck St.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus Memory",
     "title": "German Village Society Collection, sewer installation glass plate negatives, 1902 (SC_Druen_001 to SC_Druen_034)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/174174",
     "published": "1902"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "A photograph dated August 7, 1929 shows a shaft site enclosure at the northwest corner of Deshler Avenue and Jaeger Street, with a sign saying the street was closed for sewer construction.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the street is closed for sewer construction",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus Memory",
     "title": "View of Schiller Park at the corner of Deshler Avenue and Jaeger Street, photograph, August 7, 1929 (item 57350)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/57350",
     "published": "1929-08-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The 1950 census counted 111,721 dwelling units in the city of Columbus; of the 108,286 that reported condition and plumbing facilities, 19,458 had no private bath or were dilapidated, about 18.0 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "In the same 1950 table, census tract 52 had 1,968 dwelling units; of the 1,913 reporting, 677 had no private bath or were dilapidated, about 35.4 percent, and 210 had no running water or were dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "In the same 1950 table, census tract 57 had 2,196 dwelling units; of the 2,121 reporting, 422 had no private bath or were dilapidated, about 19.9 percent, and 59 had no running water or were dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The map printed in the 1950 Columbus tract bulletin draws tract 52 between Livingston Avenue and Sycamore Street and tract 57 between Sycamore Street and Deshler Avenue, both running east to Parsons Avenue and west to the Scioto River.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "COLUMBUS, OHIO, AND ADJACENT AREAS BY CENSUS TRACTS",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The 1950 Columbus tract bulletin says the boundaries of 1950 census tracts are the same as for 1940 tracts of corresponding number except for a listed set, and tract 52 is not in that set.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Boundaries of 1950 census tracts are the same as for 1940 tracts",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says that in July 1960 the city gave official recognition by declaring German Village a historic district and establishing the German Village Commission.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the city gave official recognition by declaring German Village a historic district",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061146/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says that by 1963 official boundaries encompassing 233 acres had been set and restoration control ordinances were enacted.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By 1963 official boundaries encompassing 233 acres, had been set",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination says restoration began with one individual, Frank Fetch, who had restored four homes by 1959, and that a promotional group, the German Village Society, was formed in January 1960.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Mr. Frank Fetch, who had restored four homes by 1959",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "German Village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "A boundary increase covering 11 acres adjacent to the northeast corner of the district was documented in 1980.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "includes 11 acres adjacent to the northeast corner of the present Village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village (Amendment), Columbus, Ohio, reference number 80002998",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80002998.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says the German Village Commission is seven mayoral appointees who serve without compensation and considers applications and issues certificates of appropriateness for exterior alterations inside the district.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Certificates of Appropriateness for exterior alterations at properties located within the German Village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061146/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
     "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says the Commission acts under Columbus City Code chapters 3116 and 3119 and the German Village District Guidelines.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "pursuant to Columbus City Code chapters 3116 and 3119",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061146/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Code of Ordinances",
     "title": "Columbus City Code 3116.04, Certificate required; 3116.05; 3116.23; 3119.01",
     "url": "http://columbus-oh.elaws.us/code/coor_title31_ch3116_sec3116.04",
     "published": "Ord. 1352-93"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Columbus City Code section 3116.04 says no person shall construct, reconstruct, alter, change the exterior color of or demolish any structure or architectural feature in a district without first applying for a certificate of appropriateness and obtaining either that certificate or a clearance.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "no person shall construct, reconstruct, alter, change the exterior color of or demolish",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Code of Ordinances",
     "title": "Columbus City Code 3116.04, Certificate required; 3116.05; 3116.23; 3119.01",
     "url": "http://columbus-oh.elaws.us/code/coor_title31_ch3116_sec3116.04",
     "published": "Ord. 1352-93"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The German Village Guidelines say they provide the basis on which the commission decides proposals for all exterior work in the historic district.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "proposals for all exterior work in the historic district",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
     "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
     "published": "2007-09-11"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The German Village Guidelines say an addition should be set well back from the principal facade of a historic structure, typically in excess of halfway, and should not substantially alter the existing streetscape from any public vantage point.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "typically in excess of halfway",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
     "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
     "published": "2007-09-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The German Village Guidelines say an addition without a connector should be shorter than the historic building, lower in overall height and with a lower roof peak.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "An addition without a connector should be shorter than the historic building",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
     "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
     "published": "2007-09-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The German Village Guidelines say garages and outbuildings should be located toward the rear of the property, detached from the residence with access from alleys.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Garages and outbuildings should be located toward the rear of the property",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
     "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
     "published": "2007-09-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says the German Village Commission guidelines were adopted in 1989, while the version the German Village Society publishes is headed as recommended by the commission for adoption on September 11, 2007.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The Commission Guidelines were adopted in 1989.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061146/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
     "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
     "published": "2007-09-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The American Planning Association designated German Village a Great Neighborhood in 2011 and describes it as the largest, privately funded historic district in the U.S.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the largest, privately funded historic district in the U.S.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "American Planning Association",
     "title": "German Village: Columbus, Ohio, Great Places in America, Great Neighborhoods",
     "url": "https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/germanvillage.htm",
     "published": "2011"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The 1974 National Register nomination says the restoration of German Village was accomplished entirely through private funds and calls the area architecturally and historically one of the most important nineteenth century areas in Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This major restoration, accomplished entirely through private funds",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation says German Village was designated a Preserve America Community in March 2007.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Designated a Preserve America Community in March 2007.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
     "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The American Planning Association describes the neighborhood as bordered by Livingston Avenue to the north, Lathrop, Grant, Jaeger and Blackberry to the east, Nursery Lane to the south and Pearl Street to the west.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "bordered by Livingston Avenue to the north",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "American Planning Association",
     "title": "German Village: Columbus, Ohio, Great Places in America, Great Neighborhoods",
     "url": "https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/germanvillage.htm",
     "published": "2011"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
     "published": "1974"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C36",
   "a": "December 30, 1974",
   "a_source": "S3, German Village Society history page, agreeing with the National Register stamps on the nomination file (S1)",
   "b": "1975",
   "b_source": "S4, German Village Society timeline page",
   "printed": "print A because the nomination file itself carries the December 30, 1974 stamp and the 1980 amendment form states the district was listed in 1974; note in the sources that the Society's two pages disagree"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C33",
   "a": "1960, by Ordinance number 976-60 and 1221-60",
   "a_source": "S5, City of Columbus, agreeing with the 1974 nomination's July 1960 (S1); consistent with S4's own scene-setting, 'Beginning in 1960, with the formation of the German Village Society, Frank Fetch led the way ... and established the area as a protected historic preservation district'",
   "b": "1963, specifically for design/architectural review authority",
   "b_source": "S3 (German Village Society history page) reads 'The German Village Commission and the German Village Historic District were established by Ordinance # 976-60 and 1221-60 in 1963' -- misattributing the founding ordinances themselves to 1963, even though both ordinance numbers carry Columbus's own year-in-number suffix '-60'; S4 (Society timeline) instead dates only the narrower action, 'In 1963, the Columbus City Council gave the German Village Commission design review authority over exterior changes'; S7 (APA) agrees with S4's framing, listing as a separate dated milestone 'German Village Commission architectural review board established in 1963'",
   "printed": "print both because they describe different steps: the city recognized the district and created the commission in 1960 (S1, S5, and S4's own opening sentence), and design/architectural review authority followed in 1963 (S4 and S7 agree precisely on this narrower framing). Do not print either year alone, and do not say the ordinances 976-60/1221-60 themselves date from 1963 -- that specific claim, made only by S3, conflicts with the ordinance numbers' own '-60' suffix and with S1, S4 and S5 alike."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C37",
   "a": "233 acres in 1974, plus an 11 acre boundary increase in 1980",
   "a_source": "S1 and S2, the National Register nomination and its amendment",
   "b": "boundaries expanded on November 28, 1980 to the current 233 acre footprint",
   "b_source": "S3, German Village Society history page",
   "printed": "print neither total. Print the 1974 nomination's 233 acres with its date and the 1980 amendment's 11 acres with its date, and say no source found reconciles them into a current figure."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C35",
   "a": "Frank Fetch had restored four homes by 1959; bought a Wall Street cottage in 1959",
   "a_source": "S1, the 1974 nomination; S3, German Village Society history page",
   "b": "In 1949, a man named Frank Fetch bought a house in the area",
   "b_source": "S4, German Village Society timeline page, which also says 1959 lower down the same page",
   "printed": "print A because the 1974 nomination is the earliest and the timeline contradicts itself within one page"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C5",
   "a": "developed primarily between 1840 and 1914",
   "a_source": "S3, German Village Society",
   "b": "specific dates 1820-1900",
   "b_source": "S1, the 1974 National Register nomination, Specific Dates field",
   "printed": "print both with their publishers named; the difference is real and a reader deciding about a house wants the wider range, not a split of it"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C10",
   "a": "The city turned Stewart's Grove into a City Park in 1865",
   "a_source": "S3, German Village Society history page",
   "b": "In 1867, the city of Columbus purchased a 23-acre section of Stewart's Grove and renamed it City Park",
   "b_source": "S4, German Village Society timeline page",
   "printed": "print neither year. Print the 23 acre figure, which the 1974 nomination and the American Planning Association both give, and the 1891 renaming to Schiller Park, which the history page (S3) gives -- verifier correction 2026-09-06: S4's timeline page does NOT independently give 1891; it only says Schiller Park became Washington Park during WWI and reverted to Schiller in 1932, with no date for the original City Park-to-Schiller Park renaming. So 1891 is single-sourced to S3, not corroborated by S4; attribute it to the history page alone if printed."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village, Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, reference number 74001490",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/74001490.pdf",
   "published": "1974"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form, German Village (Amendment), Columbus, Ohio, reference number 80002998",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80002998.pdf",
   "published": "1980"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "German Village Society",
   "title": "History",
   "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "German Village Society",
   "title": "German Village Timeline",
   "url": "https://germanvillage.com/german-village-timeline-2/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "German Village Commission",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240527061146/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Advisory Council on Historic Preservation",
   "title": "German Village Neighborhood - Columbus, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www.achp.gov/preserve-america/community/german-village-neighborhood-columbus-ohio",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "American Planning Association",
   "title": "German Village: Columbus, Ohio, Great Places in America, Great Neighborhoods",
   "url": "https://www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/2011/germanvillage.htm",
   "published": "2011"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "German Village Commission, published by the German Village Society",
   "title": "German Village Guidelines: Preservation and Redevelopment",
   "url": "https://germanvillage.com/wp-content/uploads//2018/05/Guidelines-with-091107-Approved-Changes.pdf",
   "published": "2007-09-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Code of Ordinances",
   "title": "Columbus City Code 3116.04, Certificate required; 3116.05; 3116.23; 3119.01",
   "url": "http://columbus-oh.elaws.us/code/coor_title31_ch3116_sec3116.04",
   "published": "Ord. 1352-93"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "US Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area (Series P-D13)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 1",
   "title": "Chapter XXX, Geology and Geography, by Edward Orton, pages 690 to 693",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc01leea/historyofcityofc01leea_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, volume 2",
   "title": "Chapter XXXIII, Streets, Sewers and Parks, pages 521 to 531; Water Supply, pages 542 to 544",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus Memory",
   "title": "German Village Society Collection, sewer installation glass plate negatives, 1902 (SC_Druen_001 to SC_Druen_034)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/174174",
   "published": "1902"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, Columbus Memory",
   "title": "View of Schiller Park at the corner of Deshler Avenue and Jaeger Street, photograph, August 7, 1929 (item 57350)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/57350",
   "published": "1929-08-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Library of Congress, Geography and Map Division",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio, 1901 Vol. 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06656_003/",
   "published": "1901"
  }
 ]
}