{
 "page": "heating-a-central-ohio-house-by-era-coal-gas-furnaces-and-chimneys.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/heating-a-central-ohio-house-by-era-coal-gas-furnaces-and-chimneys.html",
 "title": "Heating a Central Ohio house, era by era: coal, gas, furnaces and chimneys",
 "record": "kb-wave-thirteen-codes-wiring-floods-and-heating-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "In 1940 the Census counted 1,867,501 occupied units in Ohio that reported a heating fuel, and coal or coke was the fuel in 88.5 percent of them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      1867501      7.4%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1940 (fuels1940.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1940.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau says electricity as a heating fuel was so rare in 1940 that it did not count it at all that decade.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "electricity as a heating fuel was so rare that its use was not counted",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau's own summary of the series says three in four households used coal or wood in 1940 and 1.8 percent used those fuels in 2000.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "3-in-4 households used coal or wood in 1940",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "By 1950 the Census put coal or coke at 53.8 percent of the 2,272,565 occupied units in Ohio reporting a heating fuel, with utility gas at 34.2 percent and fuel oil at 8.7 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      2272565     34.2%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1950 (fuels1950.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1950.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "In 1960 utility gas passed coal in Ohio for the first time in the series: 67.3 percent of 2,852,533 occupied units, against 15.2 percent on fuel oil and 14.8 percent still on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      2852533     67.3%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1960 (fuels1960.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1960.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "By 1970 coal or coke was down to 3.1 percent of Ohio's 3,289,432 occupied units, utility gas was at 76.5 percent and electricity had reached 3.4 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      3289432     76.5%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1970 (fuels1970.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1970.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "In 1980 electricity heated 13.0 percent of Ohio's 3,833,828 occupied units while utility gas held 71.0 percent and coal or coke fell to 0.8 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      3833828     71.0%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1980 (fuels1980.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1980.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "In 1990 the Census put utility gas at 68.2 percent of Ohio's 4,087,546 occupied units, electricity at 16.8 percent, fuel oil at 7.5 percent and wood at 2.5 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OH      4087546     68.2%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1990 (fuels1990.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1990.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "In 2000 the last decennial count in the series put utility gas at 68.8 percent of Ohio's 4,445,773 occupied units and coal or coke at 0.1 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio               4,445,773     68.8%",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 2000 (fuels2000.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels2000.txt",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The 1940 Census asked what a house was heated with as well as what fuel it burned: of 1,876,041 occupied units in Ohio that reported heating equipment, 1,127,300, or 60.1 percent, had central heating.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "AND OCCUPIED UNITS BY HEATING EQUIP.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Warm air was already the Ohio system in 1940: of the 1,127,300 centrally heated units, 881,687 had a piped warm-air system, 203,080 steam or hot water and 42,533 a pipeless warm-air furnace.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Table 11.-DWELLING UNITS BY CONVERSION OF STRUCTURE",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The other 748,741 Ohio units had no central heating in 1940, and 718,193 of them were heated by a heating stove.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Without central           heating",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "In Columbus in 1940 the Census counted 83,597 occupied dwelling units, and its own percent column puts 68.6 percent of those reporting their heating equipment as having central heating.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "CITIES AND METROPOLITAN",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The other 25,708 Columbus units had no central heating in 1940, and 24,478 of them were heated by a heating stove.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CITIES AND METROPOLITAN",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The Census also asked those stove-heated Columbus houses what they burned: of the 25,708 without central heating, 19,163 used coal or coke and 6,318 used gas.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "WITHOUT CENTRAL HEATING",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "By 1990 the Census counted 378,723 occupied housing units in Franklin County, of which 297,926 were heated by utility gas, 65,963 by electricity and 115 by coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "HOUSE HEATING FUEL",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1990 Census of Housing, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio (CH-2-37), Tables 67 and 80",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/ch-2/ch-2-37.pdf",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 1990 the Census counted 257,013 occupied housing units, 204,174 on utility gas, 47,005 on electricity and 52 on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus city",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1990 Census of Housing, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio (CH-2-37), Tables 67 and 80",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/ch-2/ch-2-37.pdf",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The American Community Survey's five-year estimates for 2020 through 2024 put 553,099 occupied housing units in Franklin County, of which an estimated 370,219 are heated by utility gas and 169,515 by electricity.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "House Heating Fuel|Occupied housing units",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table-based summary file, table B25040 House Heating Fuel (acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 five-year table shells (ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/documentation/ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "In the same 2020 to 2024 estimates coal or coke is down to 61 occupied housing units in Franklin County, with a margin of error of 56, alongside 573 on wood, 1,672 on fuel oil or kerosene and 182 on solar energy.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Coal or coke|House Heating Fuel|Occupied housing units",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table-based summary file, table B25040 House Heating Fuel (acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 five-year table shells (ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/documentation/ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "For the city of Columbus the same survey estimates 390,528 occupied housing units, 249,609 on utility gas, 133,066 on electricity and 16 on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "House Heating Fuel|Occupied housing units",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table-based summary file, table B25040 House Heating Fuel (acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 five-year table shells (ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/documentation/ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Across Ohio the same survey estimates 4,863,191 occupied housing units, 3,110,427 heated by utility gas and 1,262,501 by electricity.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "House Heating Fuel|Occupied housing units",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table-based summary file, table B25040 House Heating Fuel (acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 five-year table shells (ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt)",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/documentation/ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt",
     "published": "2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The survey's own definition of utility gas is gas piped through underground pipes from a central system to serve the neighborhood, and the question asks for the fuel used most to heat the home.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "gas piped through underground pipes from a central system to serve the neighborhood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
     "published": "2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Ohio Department of Natural Resources' Division of Geological Survey, quoted by Ohio State University Extension, says the first reported production of coal in Ohio was in 1800, three years before Ohio became a state.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "first reported production of coal was in 1800",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)",
     "title": "Ohio Energy Trends: Comparing Old and New Energy Development, CDFS-SED-1",
     "url": "https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-sed-1",
     "published": "2016-06-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Ohio Department of Natural Resources says Ohio's coal lies in the eastern third of the state, in rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age, and that there are approximately 58 named coal seams in Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "approximately 58 named coal seams of varying thickness in Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Coal Geology",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/energy-resources/coal-geology",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Nelsonville says the arrival of the Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad in 1869 assured the town's prominence as a major shipping point of coal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The arrival of the Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad in 1869",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Ohio Historical Marker 1-5, Hocking Valley Railway, Nelsonville, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/1-5-hocking-valley-railway/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own history says Columbus got its first streetlights in 1844 and that they were gas powered.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus gets its first streetlights, which are gas powered",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "Ohio State University Extension dates the first discovery of valuable oil and gas resources in northwest Ohio to 1884.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "first discovery of valuable oil and gas resources in northwest Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)",
     "title": "Ohio Energy Trends: Comparing Old and New Energy Development, CDFS-SED-1",
     "url": "https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-sed-1",
     "published": "2016-06-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Case Western Reserve University's Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says the East Ohio Gas Company was incorporated on September 8, 1898 to pipe natural gas from wells in West Virginia to Akron for use in lighting and heating homes and businesses.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "pipe natural gas from its wells in West Virginia to Akron",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "East Ohio Gas Co.",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "Case Western Reserve University's Encyclopedia of Cleveland History dates the Cleveland Gas Light and Coke Co. to February 6, 1846 and describes it as an artificial-gas supplier; that Cleveland company is a different company from the Columbus one chartered the same year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Coke Co., incorporated 6 Feb. 1846",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "East Ohio Gas Co.",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The National Park Service dates early central heating to the industrial revolution, saying the dual developments of steam energy from coal and industrial mass production made possible early central heating systems with distribution of heated air or steam using metal ducts or pipes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "developments of steam energy from coal and industrial",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The Park Service says that by the end of the nineteenth century steam and low-pressure hot water radiator systems were in common use in both offices and residences.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "steam and low pressure hot water radiator systems were in common use",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Two federal publications describe the same first system: the Park Service says residential designs of the period often used gravity hot air systems with decorative floor and ceiling grilles, and HUD's rehabilitation guide says the original gravity air distribution systems relied on natural convection.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "often used gravity hot air systems utilizing decorative",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "HUD's rehabilitation guide says that by the end of the First World War the majority of urban homes and many rural homes were centrally heated by a hot-air, hot-water or steam distribution system.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the majority of urban homes and many rural homes were centrally heated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "HUD says steam is one of the oldest types of central heat distribution system and that systems installed after the First World War include steam traps to keep steam out of the return piping.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Steam is one of the oldest types of central heat distribution systems",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The Park Service says oil and gas furnaces developed in the nineteenth century were improved in the twentieth, with electricity becoming the critical source of power for building systems in the latter half of the century, and forced air heating systems with ducts and registers becoming popular.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "and gas furnaces developed in the nineteenth century",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The Park Service dates the combined system to the middle of the twentieth century, when forced air systems which combined heating and air conditioning in the same ductwork set a new standard for comfort and convenience.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "and air conditioning in the same ductwork set a",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "HUD reports that forced-air heating systems were used in 63 percent of homes in the United States, citing 1993 census data.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "heating systems were used in 63% of the homes in the U.S.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "HUD reports that boilers were used for heating in 15 percent of homes across the United States and about 45 percent of those in the Northeast, citing the same 1993 census data.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "boilers are used for heating in 15% of homes across the U.S.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "HUD records when the standing pilot went away: standards that went into effect in 1994 require furnaces sold to be at least 78 percent efficient, which the guide says essentially eliminated the use of standing pilots on gas furnaces.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Standards that went into effect in 1994 require that furnaces sold",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "HUD's guide dates the unlined chimney: it says older chimneys may be unlined, and gives pre-1910 as the period.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Older chimneys may be unlined (pre-1910)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
     "published": "1999-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The energy chapter of the Residential Code of Ohio is one rule, Ohio Administrative Code 4101:8-11-01, effective July 1, 2019, and its own record gives January 1, 2008 as its earliest prior effective date.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1/1/2008, 1/1/2009, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential energy chapter sorts the state by climate zone, and Table 1101.7 puts Franklin County in zone 5A.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "5A  Franklin",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Section 1101.7 says the climate zone from Figure 1101.7 or Table 1101.7 is what determines the applicable requirements in sections 1101 through 1111.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "used for determining the applicable requirements in Sections  1101       through  1111",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The Ohio Board of Building Standards' own history of the Ohio Basic Building Code lists what the state adopted and when, and its table names only building, mechanical and plumbing codes: the Board adopted the 1978 BOCA building and mechanical codes with an effective date of July 1, 1979.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1 July 1979      Building    1978 BOCA - 7th Edition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Board of Building Standards history, including the OBBC History table",
     "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/static/documents/dico_bbs_history.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The rule that keeps a gas appliance out of a bathroom is Ohio's fuel gas chapter, not its mechanical chapters: section 2406.2 says appliances shall not be located in sleeping rooms, bathrooms, toilet rooms, storage closets or surgical rooms, or in a space that opens only into such rooms.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Appliances shall not be located in sleeping rooms,",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-24-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-24-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "One of those exceptions is the closet a Central Ohio house often has: an appliance may sit in a room or space that opens only into a bedroom or bathroom where the space is used for no other purpose, has a solid weather-stripped door with an approved self-closing device, and takes its combustion air directly from the outdoors.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "provided with a solid weather-stripped door equipped with an approved",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-24-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "Ohio's fuel gas chapter also connects the bathroom fan to the furnace: section 2407.4 says that where exhaust fans, clothes dryers and kitchen ventilation systems interfere with the operation of appliances, makeup air shall be provided.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "makeup air shall be",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-24-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "Ohio's chimney chapter says masonry chimneys shall be lined, and names four acceptable lining systems for residential-type appliances.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Masonry chimneys shall be lined",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-10-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-10-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The same chapter sets how high a chimney goes: not less than 2 feet higher than any portion of a building within 10 feet, and not less than 3 feet above the highest point where it passes through the roof.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Chimneys shall extend not less than 2 feet (610 mm) higher",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-10-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "Ohio's fireplace rule sizes the hearth extension: not less than 16 inches in front of the opening and 8 inches beyond each side, or 20 inches and 12 inches where the fireplace opening is 6 square feet or larger.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Hearth extensions shall extend not less",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-10-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Ohio deletes the model code's seismic reinforcing and anchorage requirements for masonry fireplaces, printing sections 1001.3, 1001.3.1, 1001.3.2 and 1001.4 as the single word Deleted.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1001.3 Seismic reinforcing. Deleted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-10-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "When an appliance is connected to an existing chimney or vent, Ohio's chimneys and vents chapter asks four things of that chimney: that it be resized as necessary, that its flue passageway be free of obstructions and combustible deposits, that a masonry chimney have a cleanout, and that clearances to combustibles be kept.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Where an appliance is permanently",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-18-01, Chimneys and vents (filed rule text and rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-18-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "Ohio's combustion air chapter is two sections long and hands most of the work elsewhere: it sends solid fuel-burning appliances to the manufacturer's instructions, oil-fired appliances to NFPA 31, and gas-fired appliances to chapter 24, and says its methods do not apply to fireplaces, fireplace stoves or direct-vent appliances.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The methods of providing combustion air in this chapter do not apply to",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-17-01, Combustion air (filed rule text and rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-17-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "Ohio's mechanical chapter reserves room around the furnace: appliances are to be located to allow access for inspection, service, repair and replacement without removing permanent construction, with a level working space not less than 30 inches deep and 30 inches wide in front of the control side.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A level working space not less than 30 inches deep and 30",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-13-01, General mechanical system requirements (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-13-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "Ohio's heating and cooling chapter has one rule that names the bathroom: vented wall furnaces installed between bathrooms and adjoining rooms shall not circulate air from bathrooms to other parts of the building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "circulate air from bathrooms to other parts of the building",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-14-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-14-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "Ohio sizes the equipment by calculation, not by rule of thumb: section 1401.3 says heating and cooling equipment shall be sized in accordance with ACCA Manual S or other approved sizing methodologies, based on building loads calculated in accordance with ACCA Manual J.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "appliances shall be sized in accordance with ACCA Manual S or other approved",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (filed rule text)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-14-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C57",
   "claim": "The chapters that hold these rules carry different starting dates in the state's own record: the general mechanical chapter and the fuel gas chapter both give May 27, 2006 as their earliest prior effective date, while the chimneys and fireplaces, heating and cooling, combustion air, and chimneys and vents chapters each give January 1, 2013.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Prior Effective Dates:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-10-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-13-01, General mechanical system requirements (rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-13-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-14-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-17-01, Combustion air (filed rule text and rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-17-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-18-01, Chimneys and vents (filed rule text and rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-18-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (rule page)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-24-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "Congress passed the Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, Public Law 95-2, on February 2, 1977, authorizing the President to order emergency deliveries and transportation of natural gas to deal with existing or imminent shortages.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "PUBLIC LAW 95-2--FEB. 2, 1977",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo), United States Statutes at Large",
     "title": "Public Law 95-2, Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, 91 Stat. 4",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg4.pdf",
     "published": "1977-02-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "The Act put the house first by definition: its list of high-priority uses begins with use of natural gas in a residence.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "(A) use of natural gas in a residence;",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo), United States Statutes at Large",
     "title": "Public Law 95-2, Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, 91 Stat. 4",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg4.pdf",
     "published": "1977-02-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C60",
   "claim": "The American Historical Association's magazine records what that winter did in Columbus: the Columbia Gas Company told Columbus City Schools in late January 1977 that the district's fuel allocation would be drastically reduced to conserve gas for residential use, and the district's 96,000 students began a program called School without Schools on February 7.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "96,000 students",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "American Historical Association, Perspectives on History",
     "title": "School without Schools: Remembering the 1977 Gas Shortage, by Chad Lower",
     "url": "https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/school-without-schools-remembering-the-1977-gas-shortage-september-2020/",
     "published": "2020-06-08"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C61",
   "claim": "In 1950 the Census counted 139,755 occupied units in Franklin County reporting heating equipment, of which 98,045 had central heating, and coal was the fuel in 54,445 of those and utility gas in 39,890.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "FOR STANDARD METROPOLITAN AREAS AND",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5 (Ohio), Table 20",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C62",
   "claim": "The other 41,315 Franklin County units in 1950 had no central heating, and coal was the fuel in 16,765 of them and utility gas in 20,455.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "FOR STANDARD METROPOLITAN AREAS AND",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5 (Ohio), Table 20",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C63",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 1950 the Census counted 105,240 occupied units reporting heating equipment, 75,315 of them centrally heated, and coal was the fuel in 43,295 of those centrally heated units against utility gas in 30,200.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "URBAN PLACES OF 10,000 OR MORE",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5 (Ohio), Table 20",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C64",
   "claim": "By 1960 utility gas heated 167,474 of the 200,763 occupied units in Franklin County, against 15,248 on coal or coke, 14,619 on fuel oil or kerosene and 207 on electricity.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Based on sample; see text.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1960 Census of Housing, Volume I: States and Small Areas, Part 6, Ohio chapter, Table 16",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/housing-volume-1/41962442v1p6ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1963"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C65",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 1960 the Census counted 142,378 occupied units, 125,104 of them on utility gas and 11,083 still on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Based on sample; see text.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1960 Census of Housing, Volume I: States and Small Areas, Part 6, Ohio chapter, Table 16",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/housing-volume-1/41962442v1p6ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1963"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C66",
   "claim": "By 1970 utility gas heated 233,174 of the 259,321 occupied housing units in Franklin County, with 14,567 on fuel oil or kerosene, 5,687 on electricity and 2,128 still on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Appliances for Counties:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1970 Census of Housing, Volume I, Part 37 (Ohio), Detailed Housing Characteristics, Table 63",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1970/housing-volume-1/38133722v1p37ch4.pdf",
     "published": "1972"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C67",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 1970 the Census counted 173,173 occupied housing units, 161,313 of them on utility gas, 4,126 on electricity and 1,126 on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Appliances for Areas and Places:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1970 Census of Housing, Volume I, Part 37 (Ohio), Detailed Housing Characteristics, Table 45",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1970/housing-volume-1/38133722v1p37ch2.pdf",
     "published": "1972"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C68",
   "claim": "In 1980 utility gas heated 266,277 of the 322,817 occupied housing units in Franklin County, electricity 40,034, fuel oil or kerosene 10,737, wood 1,083 and coal or coke 446.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Financial Characteristics for Counties:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1980 Census of Housing, Volume 1, Chapter B, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio, Tables 75 and 95",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/1980censusofhous80137uns/1980censusofhous80137uns.pdf",
     "published": "1983"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C69",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 1980 the Census counted 217,151 occupied housing units, 184,281 on utility gas, 26,886 on electricity and 251 on coal or coke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Financial Characteristics for Areas and Places:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1980 Census of Housing, Volume 1, Chapter B, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio, Tables 75 and 95",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/1980censusofhous80137uns/1980censusofhous80137uns.pdf",
     "published": "1983"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C70",
   "claim": "In 2000 the Census counted 438,778 occupied housing units in Franklin County, 343,836 of them on utility gas, 83,002 on electricity, 4,176 on fuel oil or kerosene and 1,346 on coal or coke, wood, solar energy or other fuel together.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Equipment Characteristics: 2000",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Census 2000, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: Ohio (PHC-2-37), Part 2, Tables 21 and 22",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-2-37-pt2.pdf",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C71",
   "claim": "In the city of Columbus in 2000 the Census counted 301,788 occupied housing units, 233,640 of them on utility gas and 62,583 on electricity.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fuels and Equipment Characteristics: 2000",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Census 2000, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: Ohio (PHC-2-37), Part 2, Tables 21 and 22",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-2-37-pt2.pdf",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C72",
   "claim": "Columbus had its own gas company from February 1846: the Columbus Gas Light and Coke Company, which the Columbus Metropolitan Library's copy of the 1850-51 Columbus city directory records as chartered that month and organized on April 1, 1850.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Chartered Feb. 12th 1846. Organized April 1st, 1850.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City Directory Collection",
     "title": "1850-1851 Columbus City Directory (E. Glover and Wm. Henderson, Columbus, 1851), page image 51",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/citydir/id/8959",
     "published": "1851"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio (Munsell and Co., 1892), volume 2, chapter 'Street Lighting'",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, volume 2, pages 555-560",
     "url": "https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City Directory Collection",
     "title": "1852 Columbus Directory, page image 52",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/citydir/id/735",
     "published": "1852"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C73",
   "claim": "Alfred E. Lee's 1892 history of Columbus says gas was first let into the pipes for private consumers on December 7, four years after the city first granted the privilege of lighting its streets with gas.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "gas was first let into the pipes on December 7",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio (Munsell and Co., 1892), volume 2, chapter 'Street Lighting'",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, volume 2, pages 555-560",
     "url": "https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City Directory Collection",
     "title": "1850-1851 Columbus City Directory (E. Glover and Wm. Henderson, Columbus, 1851), page image 51",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/citydir/id/8959",
     "published": "1851"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C74",
   "claim": "Alfred E. Lee's 1892 history says natural gas in considerable quantity was discovered in the Clinton limestone at Thurston, Fairfield County, twenty-five miles southeast of Columbus, in May 1888.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "natural gas in considerable quantity was discovered in the Clinton limestone",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio (Munsell and Co., 1892), volume 2, chapter 'Street Lighting'",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, volume 2, pages 555-560",
     "url": "https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C75",
   "claim": "Alfred E. Lee's 1892 history dates the arrival of natural gas in Columbus to December 31, 1889, when the Central Ohio Natural Gas and Fuel Company, incorporated that July, turned on the first natural gas burned in the city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "on December 31, 1889, turned on the first",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio (Munsell and Co., 1892), volume 2, chapter 'Street Lighting'",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, volume 2, pages 555-560",
     "url": "https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C76",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own official publication records that the city's smoke ordinance, No. 27,113, was passed on March 3, 1913.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "ordinance No. 27,113, as passed March",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus City Clerk Office, The City Bulletin",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, March 4, 1916, page 119: Ordinance No. 29,227 amending Ordinance No. 27,113",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/22011",
     "published": "1916-03-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C77",
   "claim": "The city described that ordinance as providing for the inspection, regulation and abatement of smoke in the city of Columbus, Ohio, and the plants causing the emission of the same.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "inspection, regulation and abatement of",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus City Clerk Office, The City Bulletin",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, March 4, 1916, page 119: Ordinance No. 29,227 amending Ordinance No. 27,113",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/22011",
     "published": "1916-03-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C78",
   "claim": "Columbus had a smoke inspector who reported every year under section 20 of the city smoke ordinance, and by 1918 the office was printed as the Division of Smoke Abatement; the federal Bureau of Mines still listed a smoke inspector for Columbus, under the department of public safety, in 1939.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "REPORT OF THE DIVISION OF SMOKE ABATEMENT, 1918",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, The City Bulletin (annual reports supplement)",
     "title": "Report of the Smoke Inspector, 1917; Report of the Division of Smoke Abatement, 1918 and 1919",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11024",
     "published": "1918-04-27"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines",
     "title": "Information Circular 7090, Some Fundamentals of Smoke Abatement, by J. F. Barkley, page 14",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_7090",
     "published": "1939-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C79",
   "claim": "What the ordinance measured was time: as amended in 1916, section 13 set a limit on the emission of dense smoke of more than six minutes in any one hour from stacks of class I.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "for more than six minutes in any one",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus City Clerk Office, The City Bulletin",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, March 4, 1916, page 119: Ordinance No. 29,227 amending Ordinance No. 27,113",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/22011",
     "published": "1916-03-04"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C13",
   "a": "Columbus city 1940, occupied units reporting heating equipment 81,989 and with central heating 56,281, which is Table 11's own row read with the ambiguous glyph as an 8 (its three components then read 5,088 steam or hot water, 49,808 piped warm air and 1,385 pipeless warm-air furnace, which sum to 56,281, and 56,281 plus the legible 25,708 without central heating equals 81,989)",
   "a_source": "S9 (1940 Census of Housing, Vol. II, Part 4, Ohio, Table 11)",
   "b": "Columbus city 1940, reporting 81,939 and with central heating 56,231, which is the same row read with the glyph as a 3 (pipeless 1,335) and is what Table 12's six with-central fuel components on the same printed page sum to: 51,393 coal or coke plus 44 wood plus 4,362 gas plus 142 fuel oil plus 22 other plus 268 not reported",
   "b_source": "S9 (same volume, Table 12)",
   "printed": "print neither number. The verifier re-rendered the row at twenty-six times the scan's native 305 dpi and the disputed glyph is an 8-or-3 that cannot be settled by eye; the same glyph shape appears in all three affected cells, which is why both readings are internally consistent. Table 12's fuel components are all legible and sum to 56,231, which is the stronger evidence, but not strong enough to print a Census count as fact. What prints from this row is 83,597 occupied dwelling units, the Census's own 68.6 percent, and the without-central-heating half, which is legible and cross-foots exactly (C14, C15). The state row on the same page is crisp and prints in full (C10 to C12)."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C1",
   "a": "Ohio 1940, coal or coke 88.5 percent of 1,867,501 occupied units reporting heating fuel",
   "a_source": "S2 (Historical Census of Housing Tables, 1940 file)",
   "b": "Ohio 1940, 1,876,041 occupied units reporting heating equipment, a different and larger denominator, in the state volume's own Tables 11 and 12",
   "b_source": "S9 (1940 Census of Housing, Vol. II, Part 4, Ohio)",
   "printed": "print A, with its universe named. The two are not in conflict about the world, only about which question the household answered; the page prints each figure with the universe its own table gives and never divides one by the other. Confirmed by the verifier: the state volume's own occupied-units total is 1,897,796, of which 1,876,041 reported equipment."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C72",
   "a": "The Columbus Gas Light and Coke Company was chartered February 12, 1846 (the Columbus Metropolitan Library's 1850-51 Columbus city directory) or February 21, 1846 (Alfred E. Lee's 1892 history, which gives it as the date of the act of the General Assembly)",
   "a_source": "S42 and S43",
   "b": "The same company was 'Chartered January 1850' (the Columbus Metropolitan Library's 1852 Columbus directory)",
   "b_source": "S44",
   "printed": "print the month and year only, as February 1846, and say the sources differ on the day. Two of the three sources agree on February 1846 and the earliest of them is contemporaneous; the 1852 directory's January 1850 is more likely the reorganization the 1850-51 directory records as the April 1, 1850 organizing of the company than a second charter, but no source says so and the page will not reason it out."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel",
   "url": "https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/coh-fuels.html",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1940 (fuels1940.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1940.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1950 (fuels1950.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1950.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1960 (fuels1960.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1960.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1970 (fuels1970.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1970.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1980 (fuels1980.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1980.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 1990 (fuels1990.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels1990.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Historical Census of Housing Tables: House Heating Fuel, 2000 (fuels2000.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/tables/time-series/coh-fuels/fuels2000.txt",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940. Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter, Tables 11 and 12, printed page 590",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
   "published": "1943"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1990 Census of Housing, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio (CH-2-37), Tables 67 and 80",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1990/ch-2/ch-2-37.pdf",
   "published": "1993"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table-based summary file, table B25040 House Heating Fuel (acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/data/5YRData/acsdt5y2024-b25040.dat",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "American Community Survey 2024 five-year table shells (ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt)",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/summary_file/2024/table-based-SF/documentation/ACS20245YR_Table_Shells.txt",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "American Community Survey 2024 Subject Definitions, House Heating Fuel",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/tech_docs/subject_definitions/2024_ACSSubjectDefinitions.pdf",
   "published": "2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-10-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-10-01, Chimneys and fireplaces (filed rule text)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-10-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (rule page with effective and prior effective dates)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (filed rule text)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-13-01, General mechanical system requirements (rule page)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-13-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-13-01, General mechanical system requirements (filed rule text)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-13-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (rule page)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-14-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-14-01, Heating and cooling equipment and appliances (filed rule text)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-14-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-17-01, Combustion air (filed rule text and rule page)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-17-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-18-01, Chimneys and vents (filed rule text and rule page)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-18-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (rule page)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-24-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rule 4101:8-24-01, Fuel gas (filed rule text)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101%248-24-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Board of Building Standards history, including the OBBC History table",
   "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/static/documents/dico_bbs_history.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
   "title": "Preservation Brief 24: Heating, Ventilating, and Cooling Historic Buildings - Problems and Recommended Approaches",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-24-heating-cooling.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development",
   "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 8: HVAC/Plumbing",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/portal/Publications/PDF/hvac.pdf",
   "published": "1999-08"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Ohio Historical Marker 1-5, Hocking Valley Railway, Nelsonville, Athens County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/1-5-hocking-valley-railway/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Our-History/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "Ohio State University Extension (Ohioline)",
   "title": "Ohio Energy Trends: Comparing Old and New Energy Development, CDFS-SED-1",
   "url": "https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/cdfs-sed-1",
   "published": "2016-06-23"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
   "title": "East Ohio Gas Co.",
   "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo), United States Statutes at Large",
   "title": "Public Law 95-2, Emergency Natural Gas Act of 1977, 91 Stat. 4",
   "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg4.pdf",
   "published": "1977-02-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "American Historical Association, Perspectives on History",
   "title": "School without Schools: Remembering the 1977 Gas Shortage, by Chad Lower",
   "url": "https://www.historians.org/perspectives-article/school-without-schools-remembering-the-1977-gas-shortage-september-2020/",
   "published": "2020-06-08"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Coal Geology",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/wps/portal/gov/odnr/discover-and-learn/safety-conservation/about-ODNR/geologic-survey/energy-resources/coal-geology",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S36",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5 (Ohio), Table 20",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
   "published": "1953"
  },
  {
   "id": "S37",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1960 Census of Housing, Volume I: States and Small Areas, Part 6, Ohio chapter, Table 16",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1960/housing-volume-1/41962442v1p6ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1963"
  },
  {
   "id": "S38",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1970 Census of Housing, Volume I, Part 37 (Ohio), Detailed Housing Characteristics, Table 63",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1970/housing-volume-1/38133722v1p37ch4.pdf",
   "published": "1972"
  },
  {
   "id": "S39",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1970 Census of Housing, Volume I, Part 37 (Ohio), Detailed Housing Characteristics, Table 45",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1970/housing-volume-1/38133722v1p37ch2.pdf",
   "published": "1972"
  },
  {
   "id": "S40",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1980 Census of Housing, Volume 1, Chapter B, Detailed Housing Characteristics: Ohio, Tables 75 and 95",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/1980censusofhous80137uns/1980censusofhous80137uns.pdf",
   "published": "1983"
  },
  {
   "id": "S41",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Census 2000, Summary Social, Economic, and Housing Characteristics: Ohio (PHC-2-37), Part 2, Tables 21 and 22",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/2003/dec/phc-2-37-pt2.pdf",
   "published": "2003"
  },
  {
   "id": "S42",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City Directory Collection",
   "title": "1850-1851 Columbus City Directory (E. Glover and Wm. Henderson, Columbus, 1851), page image 51",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/citydir/id/8959",
   "published": "1851"
  },
  {
   "id": "S43",
   "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio (Munsell and Co., 1892), volume 2, chapter 'Street Lighting'",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, volume 2, pages 555-560",
   "url": "https://archive.org/stream/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S44",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City Directory Collection",
   "title": "1852 Columbus Directory, page image 52",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/citydir/id/735",
   "published": "1852"
  },
  {
   "id": "S45",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus City Clerk Office, The City Bulletin",
   "title": "The City Bulletin, March 4, 1916, page 119: Ordinance No. 29,227 amending Ordinance No. 27,113",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/22011",
   "published": "1916-03-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S46",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, The City Bulletin (annual reports supplement)",
   "title": "Report of the Smoke Inspector, 1917; Report of the Division of Smoke Abatement, 1918 and 1919",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11024",
   "published": "1918-04-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "S47",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines",
   "title": "Information Circular 7090, Some Fundamentals of Smoke Abatement, by J. F. Barkley, page 14",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_7090",
   "published": "1939-10"
  }
 ]
}