{
 "page": "hilltop-columbus-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/hilltop-columbus-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "title": "The Hilltop: Camp Chase, the state hospital's own water works, and where the hill's sewage went",
 "record": "kb-wave-eleven-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The high ground west of Franklinton that is now called the Hilltop was known as Sullivant's Hill before the state bought it in 1870.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "had been known as SuUivant's Hill",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media, Columbus Neighborhoods",
     "title": "Hilltop",
     "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/hilltop/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The site chosen was William S. Sullivant's farm west of the city, a tract of three hundred acres.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The tract contained three hundred acres",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The trustees renamed the elevation Glenwood and christened the institution the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum at Glenwood on September 1, 1870.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the trustees decided to name it Glenwood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Ground was broken for the new buildings on May 16, 1870 and the cornerstone was laid on July 4, 1870, with Governor Rutherford B. Hayes presiding.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "On July 4, 1870, the cornerstone of the new as3ium was laid",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media, Columbus Neighborhoods",
     "title": "Hilltop",
     "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/hilltop/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The first patients reached the new hospital on the hill on September 7, 1877, when 180 people were transferred from the Dayton institution.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "transferred to it from the Dayton institution on September 7, 1877",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Hooper's 1920 city history says the Insane Asylum burned in 1868 and that the burning made the removal of the institution to the hilltop on the west advisable.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "removed to its present location on the hilltop west of the city",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The military camp four miles west of Columbus was called Camp Jackson until June 20, 1861, when the name was changed to Camp Chase.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "until June 20, 1861, when it was changed to Camp Chase",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The camp occupied 160 acres between West Broad Street and Sullivant Avenue; the city's 1976 profile says it was established on National Road, four miles west of the Capitol.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "This 160 acre tract lay between West Broad Street and Sullivant Avenue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's Greater Hilltop planning area is bounded on the north by Interstate 70, on the east by the B&O Railroad, and on the south and west by Interstate 270.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "bounded on the north by Interstate 70, on the east by the B&O Railroad",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "Greater Hilltop Plan",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/150443",
     "published": "2001"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City of Columbus collection",
     "title": "Hilltop Area Plan (1974), Greater Hilltop Plan (2001), Greater Hilltop Plan Amendment (2010), Envision Hilltop (2020)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/api/search/collection/p16802coll28/searchterm/Hilltop",
     "published": "1974-2020"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The plans for the hospital's rear central wing provided for rain water cisterns and for pipes running to the cisterns, to the main sewer for drainage and to a ventilating shaft.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to the cisterns, to the main sewer for drainage, and to the ventilating shaft",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The wing was to carry an enclosed iron tank holding fifty thousand gallons of water and was to be fitted up with bath rooms, closets and lifts.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "with a capacity for fifty thousand (50,000) gallons of water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Jacob H. Studer, published in Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/columbusohioitsh00stud/columbusohioitsh00stud_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1873"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "A brick sewer built for the institution measured two feet eight inches wide by three feet six inches high inside and took one hundred and fifty thousand bricks.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The number of bricks used in its construction was one hundred and fifty thousand",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "In November 1872 the superintendent of construction reported that a fountain found on the grounds that season promised a never failing supply, and that all the water used in brick making had come from that reservoir since midsummer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A fountain has been discovered the past season which promises a never failing",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "By 1878 the hospital's water was being taken from the river, and the superintendent reported that it was at times muddy and unfit for use.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "obtained from the river, which, at times, was muddy, and unfit for use",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The 1878 report says the engine and pump at the foot of the hill east of the asylum were repaired, and that two wells there were fed by a basin collecting the drainage of several square miles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "collected in a basin filled by the drainage of an area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
     "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
     "published": "1872-1885"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Columbus State Hospital's fifty-ninth annual report, for the year ending November 15, 1897, records four deaths from typhoid fever in an epidemic that began in the fall of 1896 and continued several months.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "among the deaths are four from typhoid fever",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1896-98 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266481;seq=8",
     "published": "1897-1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "That report says the superintendent was disposed to attribute the epidemic to a supply of impure ice which had been stored from the lake on the grounds two years previously, when there was an epidemic of typhoid fever of some considerable severity in the neighborhood, and that the drainage of the territory west of the hospital grounds ran into that lake.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The drainage of the territory west of the hospital grounds is into this lake",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1896-98 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266481;seq=8",
     "published": "1897-1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The same 1897 report says the ward bath rooms and lavatories needed complete new outfits and that the plumbing was very defective, the apparatus all old and worn out.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The plumbing is very defective, the apparatus is all old and worn out",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1896-98 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266481;seq=8",
     "published": "1897-1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The sixtieth annual report, for the year ending November 15, 1898, says the entire sanitary apparatus of the institution needed immediate attention and that the closets and bath rooms would require new plumbing throughout.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The entire sanitary apparatus of the institution needs immediate attention",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1896-98 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266481;seq=8",
     "published": "1897-1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Glenwood and Green Lawn Railroad Company was incorporated on April 23, 1872 to build a street railway on Broad Street and the National Road from High Street to the western boundary of the city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a street railway on Broad Street and the National Road",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "By July 16, 1875 the track was laid to the western corporation line, and on September 25, 1875 a party of city officials was carried over the line to the Central Asylum for the Insane.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By July 16, 1875, the track was laid to the western corporation line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Board of Health's 1898 report says the West Side had two sewers, one the outlet of the oldest system in Columbus and the other known as the Dry Run sewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the outlet for the oldest system of Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending October 31, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "That report says the city had been enjoined from allowing closet connections to be made to the Dry Run sewer, and that the litigation was unresolved.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "enjoined from allowing closet connections to be made to this sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending October 31, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The same report says the two large asylums in the western part of the city pumped their sewage through a force main to the Scioto River at Mound Street.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "two large asylums in the western part of the city have a force main",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending October 31, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The 1898 report also says the only pollution reaching the Scioto at the point where the city took river water, a mile west of the pumping station, was the overflow from the insane asylum sewer.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "except the overflow from the insane asylum sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending October 31, 1898",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1899"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "In 1903 the hospital's superintendent reported a new water system of four drilled wells with an average depth of about 325 feet; three of the four were in use and tested at 800,000 gallons a day, while the trustees separately put all four combined at almost one million gallons in twenty-four hours.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "consists of four drilled wells, with an average depth of about 325 feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The same 1903 report says river water was used for boiler purposes, bathing and the domestic department and had been anything but satisfactory, while drinking water came from driven wells east of the main building at the foot of the hill.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the river water used for our boiler purposes, bathing and in the domestic department",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Board of Health's 1904 report says the January sample of the hospital's water was examined at the superintendent's request on account of the presence of typhoid fever at the State Hospital, and that the analysis indicated the water was not the cause.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "On account of the presence of typhoid fever at the State Hospital",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending December 31, 1904",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1904ohio/annualreportofst1904ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1905"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The board's 1904 table gives the hospital's three drilled wells as 255 feet, 305 feet and 436 feet deep, and says the three were pumped to a cistern where the waters mixed.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "depths as follows, 255 feet, 305 feet and 436 feet respectively",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending December 31, 1904",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1904ohio/annualreportofst1904ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1905"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The board's 1904 report on the city's water says the sewage entering Dry Run from the State Hospital was nearly as strong as Columbus sewage sampled at Moler Street, and that it passed down Dry Run into the Scioto a short distance above the intake for the pumping station.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the sewage entering Dry Run from the State Hospital was nearly as strong",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending December 31, 1904",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1904ohio/annualreportofst1904ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1905"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The hospital's 1904 report says a new sewage system was laid under the building and outside it, connecting with the city sewer that ran through the grounds, and that the new cottages, barn and laundry were connected to the city sewer as well.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "connecting with the city sewer, which runs through the grounds",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The same report says vent pipes were erected from the various closets, extending from the basement through the roof in the wings of the building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "vent pipes from the various closets have been erected extending from the basement",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The hospital's 1904 report says the water from the drilled wells was exceedingly hard and that one of the wells was strongly impregnated with sulfur.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The water from the drilled wells is exceedingly hard",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The hospital's trustees reported in November 1905 that the elevated water tank had been completed and that the institution had an abundant supply, of good quality except that it was very hard.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The elevated water tank has been completed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
     "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
     "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
     "published": "1903-1906"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau's 1950 tract map for Columbus draws six tracts over the Hilltop, numbered 44 through 49, with Central Avenue on the east and the city limits on the south and west, and Broad Street, Sullivant Avenue and Whitethorne Avenue as internal boundaries.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "COLUMBUS, OHIO, AND ADJACENT AREAS BY CENSUS TRACTS",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Census tract 44, the tract holding the state institutions on West Broad Street, had 5,148 people in 1950, of whom 4,834 were counted as institutional population, and it contained two households; Table 3 prints no dwelling unit figures for it at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Institutional population",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "In the five Hilltop tracts that had dwelling units, 496 of the 10,415 units reporting condition and plumbing facilities in 1950, about 5 percent, were counted as having no private bath or as dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Of the 9,745 Hilltop dwelling units reporting a year built in 1950, 2,215 were built in 1919 or earlier, 4,265 between 1920 and 1929, 1,350 in the 1930s and 1,915 in 1940 or later; the four rows sum to the reported 9,745 exactly.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1919 or earlier",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The six Hilltop tracts together held 39,216 people in 1950 against 33,403 in 1940.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total population, 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
     "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's 1976 profile of the Hilltop says that many prosperous families moved to the area after the 1913 flooding of the Scioto River because it was higher ground than the surrounding area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "because it was higher ground than the surrounding area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's 1976 profile says the Hilltop area is served by a separated sanitary and storm sewer system, replacing the older combined system characteristic of many inner city neighborhoods.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Hilltop Area is served by a separated sanitary and storm sewer system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The same 1976 profile says two booster stations inside the Hilltop area help keep water at normal Columbus pressure levels for home use and fire protection, and that two storage tanks stand in Westgate Park.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Two booster stations are located within the area which aid in keeping",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The National Cemetery Administration says the federal government purchased the Camp Chase cemetery site in 1879 and that the cemetery lies six miles west of downtown Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The federal government purchased the site in 1879",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Cemetery Administration",
     "title": "Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery",
     "url": "https://www.cem.va.gov/cems/lots/CampChase.asp",
     "published": "undated; page states last updated November 26, 2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The National Cemetery Administration gives an estimate of 2,168 remains in 2,122 gravesites at Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery and notes that this does not match the 1897 boulder monument, whose inscription reads 2260.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "an estimate of 2,168 remains in 2,122 gravesites",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Cemetery Administration",
     "title": "Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery",
     "url": "https://www.cem.va.gov/cems/lots/CampChase.asp",
     "published": "undated; page states last updated November 26, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
     "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
     "published": "July 1976"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "WOSU Public Media's Columbus Neighborhoods says the hospital stayed in service until the late 1980s, that it was demolished in 1997, and that four patient cemeteries of the Columbus State Hospital still exist in the Hilltop.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Four patient cemeteries of the Columbus State Hospital still exist in Hilltop",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media, Columbus Neighborhoods",
     "title": "Hilltop",
     "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/hilltop/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C52",
   "a": "an estimate of 2,168 remains in 2,122 gravesites",
   "a_source": "S12",
   "b": "2260 remain (the 1976 city profile's own words - it does not itself cite the 1897 boulder, though the figure matches the inscription the NCA separately describes)",
   "b_source": "S9",
   "printed": "print both, each with its publisher named, and say the agency itself notes the mismatch. CORRECTED 2026-09-06: S9's page 10 text reads 'More than half of the bodies originally interred here have since been removed by relatives, but 2260 remain' - stated as a present-day count, not framed as quoting an 1897 boulder. Only S12 (the NCA) explicitly connects 2260 to the boulder's 1897 inscription and flags the mismatch with its own 2,168/2,122 estimate; C52 as written should rely on S12 alone for that comparison."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C34",
   "a": "three drilled wells at 255, 305 and 436 feet (Ohio State Board of Health, 1904)",
   "a_source": "S7",
   "b": "four drilled wells averaging about 325 feet (Columbus State Hospital, 1903)",
   "b_source": "S6",
   "printed": "print A because it is the deeper detail and the two agree: the average of the board's three depths is about 332 feet, and the hospital's fourth well was not sampled"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Alfred E. Lee, published by Munsell & Co.",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Capital of Ohio, Volume II",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc02leea/historyofcityofc02leea_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper, published in Columbus",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the Founding of Franklinton in 1797",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/historyofcityofc00hoop/historyofcityofc00hoop_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1920"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Jacob H. Studer, published in Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus, Ohio: Its History, Resources, and Progress",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/columbusohioitsh00stud/columbusohioitsh00stud_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1873"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), Board of Trustees and Officers, state printers",
   "title": "Annual reports of the Central Ohio Lunatic Asylum and the Columbus Asylum for the Insane, 1871, 1872, 1878 and 1884 (bound)",
   "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=uiug.30112110866263;seq=50",
   "published": "1872-1885"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
   "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1896-98 (bound)",
   "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266481;seq=8",
   "published": "1897-1899"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Columbus State Hospital (Ohio), state printer",
   "title": "Annual report of the Columbus State Hospital to the Governor of the State of Ohio, 1902-05 (bound)",
   "url": "https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/ssd?id=osu.32435054266499;seq=14",
   "published": "1903-1906"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending December 31, 1904",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1904ohio/annualreportofst1904ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1905"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual report of the State Board of Health of the state of Ohio for the year ending October 31, 1898",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1898ohio/annualreportofst1898ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1899"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Division of Planning",
   "title": "Hilltop Information Profile, Community Planning Area 15",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/241781",
   "published": "July 1976"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
   "title": "Greater Hilltop Plan",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/150443",
   "published": "2001"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Bureau of the Census",
   "title": "U.S. Census of Population: 1950, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13, Columbus, Ohio, and Adjacent Area",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Veterans Affairs, National Cemetery Administration",
   "title": "Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery",
   "url": "https://www.cem.va.gov/cems/lots/CampChase.asp",
   "published": "undated; page states last updated November 26, 2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media, Columbus Neighborhoods",
   "title": "Hilltop",
   "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/hilltop/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library, City of Columbus collection",
   "title": "Hilltop Area Plan (1974), Greater Hilltop Plan (2001), Greater Hilltop Plan Amendment (2010), Envision Hilltop (2020)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/api/search/collection/p16802coll28/searchterm/Hilltop",
   "published": "1974-2020"
  }
 ]
}