{
 "page": "hocking-valley-coal-towns-that-heated-columbus.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/hocking-valley-coal-towns-that-heated-columbus.html",
 "title": "The Hocking Valley coal towns that heated Columbus",
 "record": "kb-wave-fourteen-inspectors-windows-coal-and-the-counties-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The Hocking Valley coal field is Athens, Hocking and Perry Counties: Ohio's chief inspector of mines reported the three together as one Hocking Valley district, and the National Park Service places the Little Cities of Black Diamonds coal region in portions of the same three counties in southeastern Ohio.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "portions of Athens, Hocking and Perry counties in southeastern Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Chief Inspector of Mines",
     "title": "Annual reports of the chief inspector of mines, bound volume holding the Thirty-Fourth report for the year ending December 31, 1908 and the Thirty-Fifth for the year ending December 31, 1909",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportchi10minegoog/annualreportchi10minegoog_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1909-1910"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places registration form, Hocking Valley Coal Company Town Historic District (Eclipse Company Town), Athens County, Ohio, reference number 07000579",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/07000579.pdf",
     "published": "2007"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The coal worked in the Hocking Valley is the Middle Kittanning seam, which the Ohio Division of Geological Survey says is known commercially as the No. 6 coal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "known commercially as the No. 6 coal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 8, Coal",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/EL8_Crowell_2008.pdf",
     "published": "2008"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says the Middle Kittanning coal of the Hocking Valley area is renowned in Ohio for its thickness of as much as 14 feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "renowned in Ohio for its thickness of as much as 14 feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey ranks Perry County fourth and Athens County fifth among Ohio counties in all-time coal production, behind Belmont, Harrison and Jefferson.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "followed by Perry, Athens, Tuscarawas, Guernsey, Muskingum, Meigs, and Noble Counties",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts No. 14, History of coal mining in Ohio, compiled by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/GF14_Crowell_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005-05"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 8, Coal",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/EL8_Crowell_2008.pdf",
     "published": "2008"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The first coal shipped from the Nelsonville mines went out on the Hocking Canal in September 1840, and from 1843 to 1869 that canal was the main way Hocking Valley coal reached market, principally Columbus and Newark.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The first coal was shipped from the mines at Nelsonville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says the Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad, originally known as the Mineral Railroad, was completed from Columbus to Athens in 1870.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "from Columbus to Athens was completed in 1870",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "In its first four years of operation, 1869 to 1872, that railroad shipped 838,389 tons of coal out of Nelsonville, more than the whole Hocking Canal had carried from 1840 to 1860.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the C & HV shipped 838,389 tons of coal from Nelsonville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker beside the tracks at Nelsonville says the portion of the railway from Logan to Nelsonville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988, along with steam locomotive number 33 and caboose number 90704.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 1-5, Hocking Valley Railway, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/1-5-hocking-valley-railway/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "Ohio History Central says the New Straitsville Mining Company established New Straitsville in 1870 to house its workers, and that the town exceeded four thousand people by 1880.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The New Straitsville Mining Company established the community of New Straitsville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "New Straitsville Mine Fire",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/New_Straitsville_Mine_Fire",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Rendville says the place was established in 1879 as a coal mining town by the Chicago industrialist William P. Rend.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Established in 1879 by Chicago industrialist William P. Rend as a coal mining town",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 11-64, Rendville, Breaking the Color Barrier, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/11-64-rendville-breaking-the-color-barrier/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Rendville, Ohio",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Rendville,_Ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The same marker says that in 1888 Dr. Isaiah Tuppins was elected Rendville's mayor, and calls him the first African American to be elected a mayor in Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the first African American to be elected a mayor in Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 11-64, Rendville, Breaking the Color Barrier, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/11-64-rendville-breaking-the-color-barrier/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The same marker says Richard L. Davis arrived in Rendville in 1882, became active in the Knights of Labor, and was one of the labor organizers from the region who helped found the United Mine Workers of America in 1890.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Richard L. Davis arrived in Rendville in 1882 and became active",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 11-64, Rendville, Breaking the Color Barrier, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/11-64-rendville-breaking-the-color-barrier/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Ohio History Central says Corning began in 1879 when Joseph Rodgers sold his Perry County land to buyers drawn by the coming Ohio Central Railroad, and that 271 people lived there in 1880 and 1,551 in 1890.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "By 1880, 271 residents lived in the community.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Corning, Ohio",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Corning,_Ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Ohio History Central says most of Corning's early residents were of Scotch-Irish, German and British descent, and that as labor strife broke out in the mid-1880s coal-mine owners hired Hungarians, Italians and Eastern European groups as strikebreakers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Most early residents were of Scotch-Irish, German, and British descent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Corning, Ohio",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Corning,_Ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says San Toy, in Monroe Township, Perry County, had a population of about 2,500 in 1920 and had become a ghost town in 1928, after tipple fires at its two mines on September 22, 1924 and August 29, 1928.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "San Toy had become a ghost town in 1928",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Shawnee says the village's Local Assembly number 169 of the Knights of Labor was organized in 1876 and that the Knights of Labor Opera House was built in 1881.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Knights of Labor was organized in 1876",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 13-64, Knights of Labor Opera House, Shawnee, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/13-64-knights-of-labor-opera-house-knights-of-labor-opera-house/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Glouster says the Hisylvania Coal Company's Mine No. 22 tipple was in use from 1912 to 1925 and was demolished in 2000, and the Ohio Division of Geological Survey records the same brick and concrete tipple at mine No. 22 in Trimble Township, Athens County.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "in use from 1912 to 1925",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 3-5, Hisylvania Coal Company Mine No. 22, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/3-5-hisylvania-coal-company-mine-no-22/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says the Ohio legislature passed the Jones Law in 1885, which made the use of scrip and overpricing at company stores illegal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Jones Law by the Ohio legislature in 1885 making the use",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "In 1883 the coal companies of the Hocking Valley consolidated, and the Ohio Division of Geological Survey names the two that resulted as the Ohio Coal Exchange and the Columbus & Hocking Valley Coal & Iron Company, the second generally known as the Syndicate.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "generally known as the \"Syndicate.\"",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Great Hocking Valley Coal Strike of 1884-1885",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Hocking_Valley_Coal_Strike_of_1884-1885",
     "published": "2013-06-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Columbus and Hocking Coal and Iron Company",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Columbus_and_Hocking_Coal_and_Iron_Company",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Robinson's Cave says labor-organizing meetings were held at the cave from about 1870 by emerging unions including the Knights of Labor.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Beginning in about 1870, labor-organizing meetings were held at the cave",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 9-64, Robinson's Cave, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/9-64-robinsons-cave/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Two rival miners' unions joined forces in Columbus on January 25, 1890 to form the United Mine Workers of America.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "January 25, 1890, when the two unions joined forces in Columbus, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 9-64, Robinson's Cave, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/9-64-robinsons-cave/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "United Mine Workers of America",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/United_Mine_Workers_of_America",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker for Christopher Evans says he was born in England in 1841, moved to New Straitsville between 1875 and 1877, organized union meetings in Robinson's Cave, served as president of the Hocking Valley District of Ohio during the strike of 1884-1885, helped organize the United Mine Workers of America in 1890 and died in 1924.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "he organized union meetings in Robinson's Cave",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 16-64, Christopher Evans, Union Builder, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-64-christopher-evans-union-builder/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Sunday Creek Coal Company held mines across the field, among them the San Toy mines in Perry County and the No. 6 mine at Millfield in Athens County, whose coal rights it acquired in September 1929.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Sunday Creek Coal Company acquired the coal rights to Poston No. 6",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Ohio Miners' Amalgamated Association struck on June 23, 1884.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the Ohio Miners' Amalgamated Association struck on June 23, 1884",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The strike marker says it idled three thousand miners in 46 mines at Nelsonville, Murray City, New Straitsville, Carbon Hill, Buchtel, Longstreth and Shawnee.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The strike idled three thousand miners in 46 mines at Nelsonville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The strike ran until March 1885 and ended with no victory for the miners.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "which lasted until March 18, 1885",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says Governor George Hoadly sent four companies of the Ohio militia into the area between August 31 and October 3, 1884.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Governor George Hoadly to send four companies of the Ohio militia",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Mines were set on fire on October 11, 1884, in the last months of the strike.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "On October 11, 1884, coal was set on fire in five mines",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 12-64, World's Greatest Mine Fire, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/12-64-worlds-greatest-mine-fire-worlds-greatest-mine-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Great Hocking Valley Coal Strike of 1884-1885",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Hocking_Valley_Coal_Strike_of_1884-1885",
     "published": "2013-06-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "That fire is still burning: the Ohio Historical Marker at New Straitsville, written for the Ohio History Connection and the Wayne National Forest, ends by saying the World's Greatest Mine Fire endures.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The World's Greatest Mine Fire endures.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 12-64, World's Greatest Mine Fire, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/12-64-worlds-greatest-mine-fire-worlds-greatest-mine-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
     "title": "New Straitsville Mine Fire",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/New_Straitsville_Mine_Fire",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The mine-fire marker says that in 1938 the Works Progress Administration tried to slow the fire by replacing coal and wood with brick and clay.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the Works Progress Administration tried to create barriers to slow the fire",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 12-64, World's Greatest Mine Fire, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/12-64-worlds-greatest-mine-fire-worlds-greatest-mine-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Eighty-two men were killed in the explosion of November 5, 1930 at the Sunday Creek Coal Company's No. 6 mine at Millfield, in Athens County.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "A total of 82 men were killed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines",
     "title": "Information Circular 6956, Coal-Mine Explosions in Ohio, 1874-1936, by C. W. Owings",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_6956/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_6956_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1937-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Ohio passed a mine law in 1874 providing for the regular inspection of coal mines by state authority, which the Ohio Division of Geological Survey calls the first legislation in the nation enacted by state authority to provide protection to bituminous coal miners.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio's mine law of 1874 was the first legislation in the nation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The same bulletin says Andrew Roy was appointed by Governor William Allen in 1874 as Ohio's first State Inspector of Mines, and served until he retired in 1884.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Governor William Allen in 1874 to be Ohio's first State",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "Ohio's first surface-mine law passed in 1947, and the Ohio General Assembly passed what the Ohio Division of Geological Survey calls the 1972 Ohio Strip Mine Law after the earlier statutes proved weak.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "known as the 1972 Ohio Strip Mine Law",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources Management",
     "title": "History of Coal Mining and Regulation in Ohio",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/rock-minerals-fossils/mining/history-of-coal-mining-and-regulation-in-Ohio",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says Ohio's 1972 law served as the model for the federal Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio's 1972 law served as the model for the federal Surface Mining Control",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 is Public Law 95-87, approved August 3, 1977, and it created the Office of Surface Mining within the U.S. Department of the Interior.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "may be cited as the 'Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977'",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives",
     "title": "30 U.S.C. 1201, Congressional findings, Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977",
     "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title30-section1201&num=0&edition=prelim",
     "published": "1977-08-03"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Congress found in that act that a substantial number of acres across major regions of the United States had been disturbed by surface and underground coal on which little or no reclamation was conducted.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "on which little or no reclamation was conducted",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives",
     "title": "30 U.S.C. 1201, Congressional findings, Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977",
     "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title30-section1201&num=0&edition=prelim",
     "published": "1977-08-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The Ohio Revised Code chapter that governs coal surface mining today is chapter 1513, Coal Surface Mining, whose definition section carries an effective date of June 15, 2009.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Coal surface mining definitions",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Legislative Service Commission",
     "title": "Ohio Revised Code Chapter 1513, Coal Surface Mining",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1513",
     "published": "2009-06-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "In the Ohio Division of Geological Survey's county series, Athens County's coal production peaked in 1920 at 6,872,646 short tons.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1920 6,872,646 0 124,601,055",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "In the same series Hocking County's highest year was 1901, at 2,348,869 short tons.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1901 2,348,869 - 31,617,256",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Perry County's highest year in the same series is 1970, at 3,703,297 short tons, of which 1,146,763 tons came from surface mines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1970 3,703,297 1,146,763 174,826,370",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Through 1993 the same series puts cumulative production at 218,954,437 short tons for Perry County, 200,508,978 for Athens County and 85,341,841 for Hocking County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1993 395,321 395,321 218,954,437",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The same appendix shows Athens and Hocking Counties reporting no coal at all in 1993, while Perry County reported 395,321 short tons, all of it from surface mines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1993 0 0 200,508,978",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Statewide, the Ohio Division of Geological Survey's table records 503 coal mines and an average of 20,101 people employed in 1884, rising to 1,051 mines and 50,267 employed in 1908.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "in 1908, there were 50,267 coal miners employed in Ohio coal mines",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts No. 14, History of coal mining in Ohio, compiled by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/GF14_Crowell_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "Ohio's own record year for coal was 1970, which the Ohio Division of Geological Survey puts at a record of 55 million tons.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "reaching a record of 55 million tons in 1970",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts No. 14, History of coal mining in Ohio, compiled by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/GF14_Crowell_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005-05"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says most of the early coal miners in the United States were European immigrants, primarily of English, Scottish and Welsh nationality.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Most of the early coal miners in the United States were European immigrants",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts No. 14, History of coal mining in Ohio, compiled by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/GF14_Crowell_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The same bulletin says that by the late 1800s the ranks of Ohio's coal miners also included many Poles, Slovaks, Hungarians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians and Irish.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Poles, Slovaks, Hungarians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and Irish",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
     "published": "1995"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The Hocking Valley strike marker says the syndicate mines imported hundreds of immigrant strikebreakers and employed dozens of Pinkerton detectives as mine guards.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "importing hundreds of immigrant strikebreakers and employing dozens of Pinkerton detectives",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The mine-fire marker, sponsored by the Wayne National Forest, the New Straitsville History Group and the Ohio History Connection, says the Wayne National Forest purchased many ruined fire lands in the 1930s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Wayne National Forest purchased many ruined fire lands in the 1930s.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
     "title": "Marker 12-64, World's Greatest Mine Fire, Perry County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/12-64-worlds-greatest-mine-fire-worlds-greatest-mine-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The U.S. Forest Service says the Wayne National Forest was pieced together from old farmland and mineland as part of a large-scale restoration project, and calls it Ohio's only national forest, of 244,000 acres, with a ranger district office at Nelsonville.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "pieced together from old farmland and mineland as part of a large-scale restoration project",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service",
     "title": "Wayne National Forest, About the Area",
     "url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/wayne/about-area",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service",
     "title": "Wayne National Forest home page",
     "url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/wayne",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "In the Ohio Division of Geological Survey's Ohio Coal Directory for 2022, one mine in Athens County reported 16,092 short tons of coal, all of it from the surface, and no mine in Hocking or Perry County appears in that year's list at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total Surface Production (tons)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Coal Directory, 1996-2022 (mine-by-mine production workbook)",
     "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/industrial-minerals-downloads/Coal%20(1996-2022).xls",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "A National Register nomination says the Hocking Valley Coal Company built the company town now known as Eclipse, north of Athens, between 1900 and 1902 to house the workers at its Eclipse Mine No. 4, and that the mine closed in 1948.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "constructed by the Hocking Valley Coal Company between 1900 and 1902",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places registration form, Hocking Valley Coal Company Town Historic District (Eclipse Company Town), Athens County, Ohio, reference number 07000579",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/07000579.pdf",
     "published": "2007"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The National Register nomination for the Shawnee Historic District says the town of Shawnee, in Perry County, was laid out by T.J. Davis in 1872 and grew as the coal hills of southeastern Ohio began to be mined on a large scale.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The town of Shawnee was laid out by T.J. Davis in 1872",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places inventory-nomination form, Shawnee Historic District, Perry County, Ohio, reference number 76001507",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/76001507.pdf",
     "published": "1976"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "six mines around New Straitsville were set on fire on October 11, 1884",
   "a_source": "S03",
   "b": "five mines near New Straitsville and Sand Run, one at Carbon Hill and one at Shawnee, seven in all, citing the State Inspector of Mines for 1884",
   "b_source": "S16",
   "printed": "print both. The date is agreed; the count is not. The page should say the marker counts six mines around New Straitsville and the state survey, quoting the 1884 mine inspector, counts seven: five near New Straitsville and Sand Run, one at Carbon Hill and one at Shawnee. VERIFIER CORRECTION: the earlier resolution leaned on Ohio History Central 'also saying seven'. Its strike page does say seven mines were fired, but attaches no date, and its mine-fire page says a single mine was fired, so the Ohio History Connection is not a dated third count and is not cited in the sentence."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C29",
   "a": "by 1936 the fires burned all the coal in a 36 square mile area (marker); more than two hundred square miles of coal has burned (Ohio History Central)",
   "a_source": "S03 and S24",
   "b": "in the first 50 years of burning it is estimated that the mine fire of the Shawnee-New Straitsville area spread over an area of 6 square miles",
   "b_source": "S16",
   "printed": "print neither. Three figures that differ by more than thirty-fold cannot be reconciled from these sources, and two of them come from the same publisher. The page says the fire still burns and gives no area."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C19",
   "a": "the 1883 consolidation produced two companies, the Ohio Coal Exchange and the Columbus & Hocking Valley Coal & Iron Company, the latter generally known as the Syndicate",
   "a_source": "S16",
   "b": "a single company, named without the word Valley: the Columbus and Hocking Coal and Iron Company (Ohio History Central) and the Columbus & Hocking Coal and Iron Company / Columbus & Hocking Coal & Iron Company (two markers)",
   "b_source": "S23, S25, S03 and S02",
   "printed": "print A because the survey is the more detailed record and names both resulting companies, and print the name in the form the survey uses, with ampersands. The year, 1883, is agreed by both publishers. VERIFIER CORRECTION: the earlier resolution said the strike marker S01 uses the shorter name too; it does not. S01 names no company at all, and refers only to 'Syndicate mines'. The shorter name comes from the mine-fire marker and the Robinson's Cave marker."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C10",
   "a": "Rendville was established in 1879 by the Chicago industrialist William P. Rend",
   "a_source": "S04",
   "b": "In 1879 the Ohio Central Coal Company established Rendville, and William P. Rend was its founder and owned a mine there",
   "b_source": "S26",
   "printed": "print the year, 1879, which both give, and attribute the founder sentence to the marker. Both are the Ohio History Connection, so this is one publisher disagreeing with itself."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C17",
   "a": "The Mine No. 22 tipple had a brick and concrete frame, likely the only one of this type in Ohio",
   "a_source": "S07",
   "b": "The Hisylvania Coal Company constructed a brick and concrete tipple, believed to be the only one of its kind in the nation",
   "b_source": "S16",
   "printed": "print neither superlative, or print each attributed to its own publisher in its own words. The two claims are of different scope and neither can be checked."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C3",
   "a": "renowned in Ohio for its thickness of as much as 14 feet (the state survey, of the Hocking Valley area)",
   "a_source": "S16",
   "b": "veins varying from nine to thirteen feet in thickness (an 1884 Harper's Weekly correspondent, quoted in the same bulletin); reportedly fourteen feet across (Ohio History Central)",
   "b_source": "S16 quoting Harper's Weekly, and S24",
   "printed": "print A because it is the survey's own sentence rather than a periodical it quotes, and because it is the only figure a Tier A publisher states in its own voice."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C34",
   "a": "Ohio's first surface-mine law was passed in 1947 (Bulletin 72); the Strip Coal Mining Act became effective in 1947 (the division's history page)",
   "a_source": "S16 and S56",
   "b": "the state's first surface mining law was enacted in 1948",
   "b_source": "the same division's abandoned mine lands page, saved as w14c-verify-odnr-aml-reclamation-programs.html",
   "printed": "print 1947, naming the Ohio Division of Geological Survey and its Bulletin 72, because two of the agency's own documents give 1947 and one of them names the act. Do not present 1947 as undisputed: the same agency's abandoned mine lands page says 1948. The two are one publisher disagreeing with itself, so this is a caution about wording, not a second source."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C50",
   "a": "244,000 acres",
   "a_source": "S11",
   "b": "over a quarter million acres",
   "b_source": "S11, lower on the same page",
   "printed": "print the 244,000 figure with the Forest Service named, or print no acreage. The agency gives two different sizes on one page and neither is a rounding of the other in the direction the sheet had it; the word 'over' has been removed from the claim."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 6-5, The Hocking Valley Coal Strike 1884-1885, Athens County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-5-the-hocking-valley-coal-strike-1884-1885/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 9-64, Robinson's Cave, Perry County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/9-64-robinsons-cave/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 12-64, World's Greatest Mine Fire, Perry County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/12-64-worlds-greatest-mine-fire-worlds-greatest-mine-fire/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S04",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 11-64, Rendville, Breaking the Color Barrier, Perry County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/11-64-rendville-breaking-the-color-barrier/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S06",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 1-5, Hocking Valley Railway, Athens County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/1-5-hocking-valley-railway/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 3-5, Hisylvania Coal Company Mine No. 22, Athens County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/3-5-hisylvania-coal-company-mine-no-22/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 13-64, Knights of Labor Opera House, Shawnee, Perry County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/13-64-knights-of-labor-opera-house-knights-of-labor-opera-house/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program",
   "title": "Marker 16-64, Christopher Evans, Union Builder, Perry County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-64-christopher-evans-union-builder/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio Legislative Service Commission",
   "title": "Ohio Revised Code Chapter 1513, Coal Surface Mining",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/chapter-1513",
   "published": "2009-06-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Ohio Chief Inspector of Mines",
   "title": "Annual reports of the chief inspector of mines, bound volume holding the Thirty-Fourth report for the year ending December 31, 1908 and the Thirty-Fifth for the year ending December 31, 1909",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportchi10minegoog/annualreportchi10minegoog_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1909-1910"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Bulletin 72, History of the coal-mining industry in Ohio, by Douglas L. Crowell",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/B72_Crowell_1995.pdf",
   "published": "1995"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "GeoFacts No. 14, History of coal mining in Ohio, compiled by Douglas L. Crowell",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/GF14_Crowell_2005.pdf",
   "published": "2005-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 8, Coal",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/EL8_Crowell_2008.pdf",
   "published": "2008"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Great Hocking Valley Coal Strike of 1884-1885",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Great_Hocking_Valley_Coal_Strike_of_1884-1885",
   "published": "2013-06-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "New Straitsville Mine Fire",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/New_Straitsville_Mine_Fire",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Columbus and Hocking Coal and Iron Company",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Columbus_and_Hocking_Coal_and_Iron_Company",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Rendville, Ohio",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Rendville,_Ohio",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "United Mine Workers of America",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/United_Mine_Workers_of_America",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines",
   "title": "Information Circular 6956, Coal-Mine Explosions in Ohio, 1874-1936, by C. W. Owings",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_6956/pub_usgov-bmines-information-circular_6956_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1937-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives",
   "title": "30 U.S.C. 1201, Congressional findings, Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977",
   "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid%3AUSC-prelim-title30-section1201&num=0&edition=prelim",
   "published": "1977-08-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S39",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Corning, Ohio",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Corning,_Ohio",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service",
   "title": "Wayne National Forest home page",
   "url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/wayne",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S47",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service",
   "title": "Wayne National Forest, About the Area",
   "url": "https://www.fs.usda.gov/r09/wayne/about-area",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S53",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Ohio Coal Directory, 1996-2022 (mine-by-mine production workbook)",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/static/documents/geology/industrial-minerals-downloads/Coal%20(1996-2022).xls",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S54",
   "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places registration form, Hocking Valley Coal Company Town Historic District (Eclipse Company Town), Athens County, Ohio, reference number 07000579",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/07000579.pdf",
   "published": "2007"
  },
  {
   "id": "S55",
   "publisher": "United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places inventory-nomination form, Shawnee Historic District, Perry County, Ohio, reference number 76001507",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/76001507.pdf",
   "published": "1976"
  },
  {
   "id": "S56",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Mineral Resources Management",
   "title": "History of Coal Mining and Regulation in Ohio",
   "url": "https://ohiodnr.gov/discover-and-learn/rock-minerals-fossils/mining/history-of-coal-mining-and-regulation-in-Ohio",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}