{
 "page": "hot-water-for-a-central-ohio-shower.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/hot-water-for-a-central-ohio-shower.html",
 "title": "Hot water for a Central Ohio shower: the heater, the cold that comes in, and the winter",
 "record": "kb-wave-seven-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The federal government's method sizes a storage water heater by its first hour rating, which is the number of gallons of hot water it can supply in an hour starting from a full tank.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the number of gallons of hot water the heater can supply per hour",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy told readers to look for a first hour rating that at least matches the household's peak hour demand.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a first hour rating that at least matches within your peak hour demand",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Federal Trade Commission's labeling rule requires a storage water heater's capacity to be shown as both its rated storage volume and its first hour rating.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "shall be presented in both rated storage volume",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Federal Trade Commission)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 305, Energy and Water Use Labeling for Consumer Products (Appliance Labeling Rule)",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-305",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "A tankless water heater is rated by the largest temperature rise it can produce at a given flow rate, so its output is two numbers and not one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "rated by the maximum temperature rise possible at a given flow rate",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy told readers to assume incoming water at 50 degrees Fahrenheit unless they knew otherwise.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "assume that the incoming water temperature is 50ºF (10ºC)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "With water arriving at 50 degrees and a 120 degree target, the department's own example needed a 70 degree rise.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a temperature rise of 70ºF (39ºC) for most uses",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy said a 70 degree rise is typically possible at five gallons a minute through a gas tankless heater and two gallons a minute through an electric one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "5 gallons per minute through gas-fired demand water heaters and 2 gallons",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Both the Department of Energy and the ENERGY STAR program count a shower at two and a half gallons a minute when adding up what will run at once.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a shower head with a flow rate of 2.5 gallons",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR)",
     "title": "Whole-Home Gas Tankless Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://www.energystar.gov/products/whole_home_tankless_gas_water_heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy put most tankless heaters' life expectancy at more than twenty years and storage heaters at ten to fifteen.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a life expectancy of more than 20 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Tankless or Demand-Type Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630022620/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/tankless-or-demand-type-water-heaters",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "NOAA's 1991 to 2020 normals put the mean annual temperature at the Columbus airport weather station at 53.5 degrees Fahrenheit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "COLUMBUS PORT COLUMBUS INTL AP, OH US",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
     "title": "1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, annual and seasonal, station USW00014821",
     "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-annualseasonal/1991-2020/access/USW00014821.csv",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
     "title": "U.S. Climate Normals",
     "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/us-climate-normals",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The same normals put the Columbus January mean at 29.6 degrees Fahrenheit and the July mean at 75.4.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "MLY-TAVG-NORMAL",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
     "title": "1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, monthly, station USW00014821",
     "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00014821.csv",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The US Geological Survey wrote that the temperature of water in the ground is in general about the same as the mean annual air temperature of the place.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "in general about the same as the mean annual air temperature",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Temperature of Water Available for Industrial Use in the United States, by W. D. Collins (Water-Supply Paper 520-F)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0520f/report.pdf",
     "published": "1925"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "Putting those together is an inference and not a measurement: water entering a Central Ohio house in winter is likely colder than the 50 degree national default, which means a larger temperature rise and a smaller flow from the same tankless heater.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "assume that the incoming water temperature is 50ºF (10ºC)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
     "title": "1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, monthly, station USW00014821",
     "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00014821.csv",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Temperature of Water Available for Industrial Use in the United States, by W. D. Collins (Water-Supply Paper 520-F)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0520f/report.pdf",
     "published": "1925"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential code puts Franklin, Delaware, Licking, Fairfield, Madison, Union and Pickaway counties all in climate zone 5A.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "5A Franklin",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Ohio Plumbing Code section 504.4 requires a storage water heater working above atmospheric pressure to have an approved, self-closing pressure relief valve and temperature relief valve, or a combination of the two.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "self-closing (levered) pressure relief valve and temperature relief valve",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 5 Water Heaters: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/5/water-heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-5-01, Water heaters (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 5)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-5-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Section 504.6 requires the relief valve's discharge pipe to end in the same room as the heater, through an air gap, at a place the people in the building can see.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Discharge through an air gap located in the same room as the water heater",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 5 Water Heaters: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/5/water-heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Ohio replaced the model code's drain pan section outright, and its own version requires a pan only where leaking from the tank would cause damage.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Replace section 504.7 in its entirety with the following",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-5-01, Water heaters (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 5)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-5-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 5 Water Heaters: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/5/water-heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 3 General Regulations: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/3/general-regulations",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The code requires a water heater to be located and connected so it can be reached for observation, maintenance, servicing and replacement.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "provide access for observation, maintenance, servicing and replacement",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 5 Water Heaters: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/5/water-heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "Section 607.3 requires a thermal expansion control device where cold water reaching a storage water heater has passed a check valve, a pressure reducing valve or a backflow preventer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a thermal expansion control device shall be connected to the water heater",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 6 Water Supply and Distribution: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code limits the developed length of hot or tempered water piping from the source of hot water to the fixtures it serves to fifty feet.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 6 Water Supply and Distribution: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The same sentence counts recirculating system piping and heat-traced piping as sources of hot water, so a loop resets the fifty feet from wherever the loop reaches.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Recirculating system piping and heat-traced piping shall be considered to be sources",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 6 Water Supply and Distribution: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Ohio rewrote section 607.2.1 to require an automatic circulating pump or heat trace to be arranged so it can be turned off, automatically or by hand, when the hot water system is not in operation.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "conveniently turned off, automatically or manually, when the hot water system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
     "title": "Chapter 6 Water Supply and Distribution: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The energy chapter of the Residential Code of Ohio requires a heated water circulation system to have a circulation pump, and prohibits gravity and thermosyphon circulation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Gravity and thermosyphon circulation systems shall be prohibited.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 44)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-44-01_eff_4_15_24.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code",
     "title": "Chapter 4101:8-11, Energy Efficiency (chapter index and posted effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/chapter-4101:8-11",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The same section requires the pump's controls to start it when the house calls for hot water, and to shut it off when the loop is at temperature and nothing is calling.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "start the pump based on the identification of a demand for hot water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Where a demand recirculation system returns water through the cold water piping, Ohio requires the controls to hold that water to not more than 104 degrees Fahrenheit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "not greater than 104°F (40°C)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Ohio's prescriptive path asks for insulation of at least R-3 on hot water piping three-quarters of an inch and larger, on piping outside the conditioned space, under a slab, buried, or running from the water heater to a manifold.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "R-value, of not less than R-3 shall be applied",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The efficiency standards a water heater on a shelf today was built to were set in a 2010 Department of Energy rule, with compliance required for units made on or after April 16, 2015.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "with which compliance was required starting on April 16, 2015",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Register (United States Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Water Heaters, final rule",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-05-06/pdf/2024-09209.pdf",
     "published": "2024-05-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The current federal table already sets electric storage water heaters above 55 and up to 120 gallons at a level only a heat pump can reach.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "existing heat pump-level standards for electric storage water heaters which apply",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Register (United States Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Water Heaters, final rule",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-05-06/pdf/2024-09209.pdf",
     "published": "2024-05-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy published amended standards for consumer water heaters on May 6, 2024, effective July 5, 2024, with compliance required on and after May 6, 2029.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "is required on and after May 6, 2029",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Register (United States Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Water Heaters, final rule",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-05-06/pdf/2024-09209.pdf",
     "published": "2024-05-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "In the 2029 table the exempt small class is an electric storage water heater of at least 20 and not more than 35 gallons effective volume, in the very small or low draw patterns.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Small Electric Storage Water Heater ≥20 gal and ≤35 gal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Register (United States Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Water Heaters, final rule",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-05-06/pdf/2024-09209.pdf",
     "published": "2024-05-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "A joint resolution of Congress that became Public Law 119-6 on May 9, 2025 nullified a different Department of Energy rule, the one on consumer gas-fired instantaneous water heaters.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Became Public Law No: 119-6.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "GovInfo (United States Government Publishing Office)",
     "title": "Bill status, H.J.Res.20, 119th Congress, congressional disapproval of the Department of Energy rule on Consumer Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hjres/BILLSTATUS-119hjres20.xml",
     "published": "2025-05-09"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "As of the electronic Code of Federal Regulations' currency date of September 3, 2026, the 2029 standards for electric storage water heaters were still in the code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Displaying title 10, up to date as of 9/03/2026.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
     "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission urges all users to lower their water heaters to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "urges all users to lower their water heaters to 120 degrees Fahrenheit",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Avoiding Tap Water Scalds (Publication 5098)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/5098.pdf",
     "published": "2012-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says Legionella grows best between 77 and 113 degrees Fahrenheit and may grow at temperatures as low as 68.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Legionella may grow at temperatures as low as 68°F (20°C)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
     "title": "Public Health Strategies for Legionella Control",
     "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/public-health-strategy/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
     "title": "Controlling Legionella in Potable Water Systems",
     "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/toolkit/potable-water-systems-module.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "For building water systems the same agency says to store hot water above 140 degrees and to keep circulating hot water from falling below 120.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ensure hot water in circulation does not fall below 120°F (49°C).",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
     "title": "Controlling Legionella in Potable Water Systems",
     "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/toolkit/potable-water-systems-module.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The same agency's answer to holding both temperatures at once is a thermostatic mixing valve as close as possible to the fixture.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "prevent scalding while permitting circulating hot water temperatures above 120°F (49°C)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
     "title": "Controlling Legionella in Potable Water Systems",
     "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/toolkit/potable-water-systems-module.html",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The standards body ASHRAE writes in the scope of its Legionella standard that the standard does not include single-family residential buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This standard does not include single-family residential buildings.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "ASHRAE",
     "title": "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2018, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems (publisher's preview)",
     "url": "https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/bookstore/86611_188-2018preview.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "ASHRAE",
     "title": "Standard 188-2021 Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems (fact sheet)",
     "url": "https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/about/government%20affairs/advocacy%20toolkit/virtual%20packet/standard-188_2021-fact-sheet.pdf",
     "published": "2021"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency's water efficiency specification for a new home allows no more than half a gallon of water to sit in the piping between the hot water source and any hot water fixture.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No more than 0.5 gallons of water may be stored",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (WaterSense)",
     "title": "Guide for Efficient Hot Water Delivery Systems, WaterSense New Home Specification, version 1.2",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-01/documents/ws-homes-hot-water-distribution-guide.pdf",
     "published": "2014-07-24"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (WaterSense)",
     "title": "WaterSense Labeled Homes - Hot Water",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-labeled-homes-hot-water",
     "published": "2026-07-24"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "That specification requires a recirculation system to be demand-initiated, and does not accept one that is only on a timer or only on temperature.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Recirculation systems must be demand-initiated.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (WaterSense)",
     "title": "Guide for Efficient Hot Water Delivery Systems, WaterSense New Home Specification, version 1.2",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-01/documents/ws-homes-hot-water-distribution-guide.pdf",
     "published": "2014-07-24"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "A heat pump water heater moves heat rather than making it, which is why the Department of Energy says it can be two to three times more efficient than a conventional electric resistance water heater.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "two to three times more energy efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630092818/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "Both the Department of Energy and the ENERGY STAR program say a heat pump water heater needs a space that stays between 40 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit year round, with at least 1,000 cubic feet of air around it.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "at least 1,000 cubic feet (28.3 cubic meters) of air space",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630092818/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR)",
     "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://www.energystar.gov/products/heat_pump_water_heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy says such a heater will not operate efficiently in a cold space, because it tends to cool the space it is in, and works better where there is waste heat.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "will not operate efficiently in a cold space since they tend to cool",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630092818/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The ENERGY STAR program says that in hot humid weather such a heater can help cool and dehumidify the space it is installed in.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "can help cool and dehumidify the space it is installed in",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR)",
     "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
     "url": "https://www.energystar.gov/products/heat_pump_water_heaters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy's Energy Saver consumer pages were no longer being served from energy.gov when this was checked on September 5, 2026; the address redirects away and every water heater page under it returns not found.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Location: https://www.energy.gov/powering-today-transforming-tomorrow",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy",
     "title": "HTTP response measured for energy.gov/energysaver and its water heater pages",
     "url": "https://www.energy.gov/energysaver",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
     "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
     "published": "2026-05-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "Ohio's rule for chapter 5 of the plumbing code, effective October 15, 2025, is a three-paragraph amendment list that touches only sections 501.1, 501.5 and 504.7, the last of which it replaces in its entirety.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It touches only 501.1, 501.5 and 504.7",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-5-01, Water heaters (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 5)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-5-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "Ohio rewrote the plumbing code's section on insulation of piping, 607.5, to point at chapter 11 of the Residential Code of Ohio for hot water pipe insulation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "607.5 Insulation of piping",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C21",
   "a": "Ohio replaces section 504.7 in its entirety with text that sets pan materials and thicknesses and carries no pan drain requirement",
   "a_source": "S1",
   "b": "The commercial rendering of the Ohio Plumbing Code still shows subsections 504.7.1 (pan size and drain) and 504.7.2 (pan drain termination) under the Ohio edition",
   "b_source": "S3",
   "printed": "print A because the Ohio rule at codes.ohio.gov is the adopting text. Print only what Ohio's replacement states, in Ohio's own words, and say nothing about whether a pan drain is required or not required; whether a replacement of a section reaches its subsections is a legal question this research cannot settle."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C38",
   "a": "Search summaries state that the Congressional Review Act resolution withdrew both the electric storage heat pump standards and the gas tankless standards",
   "a_source": "search-engine summary, 2026-09-05, not a document",
   "b": "The resolution that became Public Law 119-6 names only the rule on Consumer Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters, and the 2029 table for electric storage water heaters remains in 10 CFR 430.32(d)(2) at the eCFR currency date of September 3, 2026",
   "b_source": "S17, S15",
   "printed": "print B. The summary conflates the May 2024 consumer water heaters rule with the December 2024 gas-fired instantaneous rule. Two different rules, one disapproval."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "",
   "a": "The 2024 rule requires heat pump technology of electric storage water heaters above 55 gallons",
   "a_source": "the brief's premise, restating the pre-2029 standard",
   "b": "In the 2029 table the exempting class is a small electric storage water heater of at least 20 and not more than 35 gallons; the 55 gallon line belongs to the table in force until then",
   "b_source": "S15, S14",
   "printed": "print both, clearly dated. The 55 gallon threshold describes what is on sale now; the 35 gallon threshold describes what the 2029 table would do. Conflating them is the easiest error on this subject."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-5-01, Water heaters (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 5)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-5-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
   "title": "Chapter 5 Water Heaters: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/5/water-heaters",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
   "title": "Chapter 6 Water Supply and Distribution: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "UpCodes (Ohio Plumbing Code 2024)",
   "title": "Chapter 3 General Regulations: Ohio Plumbing Code 2024",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/3/general-regulations",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 11)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-11-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 44)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-44-01_eff_4_15_24.pdf",
   "published": "2024-04-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code",
   "title": "Chapter 4101:8-11, Energy Efficiency (chapter index and posted effective dates)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/chapter-4101:8-11",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
   "title": "Sizing a New Water Heater",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260702074605/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/sizing-new-water-heater",
   "published": "2026-05-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
   "title": "Tankless or Demand-Type Water Heaters",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630022620/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/tankless-or-demand-type-water-heaters",
   "published": "2026-05-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Energy (Energy Saver)",
   "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260630092818/https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/heat-pump-water-heaters",
   "published": "2026-05-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR)",
   "title": "Heat Pump Water Heaters",
   "url": "https://www.energystar.gov/products/heat_pump_water_heaters",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (ENERGY STAR)",
   "title": "Whole-Home Gas Tankless Water Heaters",
   "url": "https://www.energystar.gov/products/whole_home_tankless_gas_water_heaters",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Federal Register (United States Department of Energy)",
   "title": "Energy Conservation Program: Energy Conservation Standards for Consumer Water Heaters, final rule",
   "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-05-06/pdf/2024-09209.pdf",
   "published": "2024-05-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Office of the Federal Register)",
   "title": "10 CFR 430.32, Energy and water conservation standards and their compliance dates",
   "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-10/chapter-II/subchapter-D/part-430/subpart-C/section-430.32",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (Federal Trade Commission)",
   "title": "16 CFR Part 305, Energy and Water Use Labeling for Consumer Products (Appliance Labeling Rule)",
   "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-305",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "GovInfo (United States Government Publishing Office)",
   "title": "Bill status, H.J.Res.20, 119th Congress, congressional disapproval of the Department of Energy rule on Consumer Gas-fired Instantaneous Water Heaters",
   "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/bulkdata/BILLSTATUS/119/hjres/BILLSTATUS-119hjres20.xml",
   "published": "2025-05-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
   "title": "1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, monthly, station USW00014821",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-monthly/1991-2020/access/USW00014821.csv",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
   "title": "1991-2020 U.S. Climate Normals, annual and seasonal, station USW00014821",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-annualseasonal/1991-2020/access/USW00014821.csv",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information",
   "title": "U.S. Climate Normals",
   "url": "https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/land-based-station/us-climate-normals",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Temperature of Water Available for Industrial Use in the United States, by W. D. Collins (Water-Supply Paper 520-F)",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/0520f/report.pdf",
   "published": "1925"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "United States Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "Avoiding Tap Water Scalds (Publication 5098)",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/5098.pdf",
   "published": "2012-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
   "title": "Controlling Legionella in Potable Water Systems",
   "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/toolkit/potable-water-systems-module.html",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention",
   "title": "Public Health Strategies for Legionella Control",
   "url": "https://www.cdc.gov/control-legionella/php/public-health-strategy/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "ASHRAE",
   "title": "ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 188-2018, Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems (publisher's preview)",
   "url": "https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/technical%20resources/bookstore/86611_188-2018preview.pdf",
   "published": "2018"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "ASHRAE",
   "title": "Standard 188-2021 Legionellosis: Risk Management for Building Water Systems (fact sheet)",
   "url": "https://www.ashrae.org/file%20library/about/government%20affairs/advocacy%20toolkit/virtual%20packet/standard-188_2021-fact-sheet.pdf",
   "published": "2021"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (WaterSense)",
   "title": "Guide for Efficient Hot Water Delivery Systems, WaterSense New Home Specification, version 1.2",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-01/documents/ws-homes-hot-water-distribution-guide.pdf",
   "published": "2014-07-24"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency (WaterSense)",
   "title": "WaterSense Labeled Homes - Hot Water",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/watersense/watersense-labeled-homes-hot-water",
   "published": "2026-07-24"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Energy",
   "title": "HTTP response measured for energy.gov/energysaver and its water heater pages",
   "url": "https://www.energy.gov/energysaver",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}