{
 "page": "how-columbus-came-to-inspect-its-houses-building-plumbing-wiring-and-smoke.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/how-columbus-came-to-inspect-its-houses-building-plumbing-wiring-and-smoke.html",
 "title": "How Columbus came to inspect its houses: building, plumbing, wiring and smoke",
 "record": "kb-wave-fourteen-inspectors-windows-coal-and-the-counties-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Columbus was issuing building permits before it had any building inspector: in the year ending March 31, 1890 they came out of the City Civil Engineer's office.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The following table will show the number of building permits issued",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus, together with a Financial Statement of the Receipts and Disbursements, for the Year Ending March 31, 1890",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/4986",
     "published": "1890"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "That office recorded 997 building permits for the year ending March 31, 1890, counted ward by ward across the city's fifteen wards.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total number issued",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus, together with a Financial Statement of the Receipts and Disbursements, for the Year Ending March 31, 1890",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/4986",
     "published": "1890"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The office of inspector of buildings appears in the city's own annual report for the year ending March 31, 1892, where the mayor tells council the Board of Public Works had recently appointed one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Recently the Board of Public Works appointed an inspector of buildings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1892",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/14117",
     "published": "1892"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The city government roster in that same volume names John T. Harris as Inspector of Buildings, with one assistant.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "INSPECTOR OF BUILDINGS. John T. Harris.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1892",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/14117",
     "published": "1892"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1892-93 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/49029",
     "published": "1893"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "By 1893 council had put the office in an ordinance, providing that there may be in the department of public safety one inspector of buildings appointed by the director.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "perform the same duties as are now provided for the inspector of buildings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1893 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/48622",
     "published": "1894"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The city's 1896 codification of its ordinances gives the inspector of buildings a chapter of his own inside the Department of Public Safety, at section 182.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to be appointed by the Director thereof, one Inspector",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Ordinances of the City of Columbus, Ohio: Revised, Codified and Consolidated",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1896"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "That codification points to state law rather than to a city ordinance for the building rules themselves, printing sections of an act it dates February 23, 1888 at volume 85 of the Ohio Laws, page 34.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Following sections are from act of February 23, 1888:",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Ordinances of the City of Columbus, Ohio: Revised, Codified and Consolidated",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1896"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The building inspector's authority was tested in court in 1895: a property owner argued the Building Inspector law was unconstitutional and refused the permit fee, and the court decided against him.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "was unconstitutional, and on that ground he refused to",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1895-1896 City of Columbus Annual Report (departmental reports for the year ending December 31, 1895; mayor's message dated March 30, 1896)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6200",
     "published": "1896"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The road to the city's 1905 building code runs through the inspector's own office: in 1902 he reported that the builders' exchange had appointed committees from its trades to formulate new building rules for council to adopt under the new code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "formulate new building rules to be presented to the council for adoption",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1902 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/17365",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "In the year ending March 31, 1891 Columbus had no plumbing inspector: the city health officer used his annual report to recommend that the Board of Health appoint one.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "an Inspector of Plumbing be appointed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1891",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/49559",
     "published": "1891"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "By 1895 the office existed and had a wider title than plumbing alone: the Inspector of Plumbing, Sewerage and Drainage filed his own report inside the building inspector's.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Inspector of Plumbing, Sewerage and Drainage submits his report",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1895-1896 City of Columbus Annual Report (departmental reports for the year ending December 31, 1895; mayor's message dated March 30, 1896)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6200",
     "published": "1896"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Ohio's plumbing act is titled \"An act to promote the public health and regulate the sanitary construction of house drainage and plumbing\" and was passed April 21, 1896.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Passed April, 21, 1896.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The act reached far beyond the big cities: it put a board of examiners in every city, in every town of five thousand inhabitants or more, and in each town having a system of water supply or sewerage.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There shall be in every city and each town of five",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The act seated the inspector of buildings on that board: the president of the board of health and the inspector of buildings of the city or town, if there was one, sat as members by virtue of their offices alongside three practical plumbers.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the inspector of buildings shall be members cx-officio of said board",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The act told each of those boards of health to appoint one or more inspectors of plumbing within three months, and allowed in the same sentence for the case where the appointment had already been made.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "appoint one or more inspectors of plumbing and such appointment shall be subject",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The act is where the plumbing permit comes from: each board of health had six months to prescribe plumbing rules, to be approved by ordinance of council, and to provide that no plumbing work be done without a permit except repairs or leaks.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "no plumbing work shall be done, except in the case of repairs",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Columbus recorded the act's arrival in its own words, saying the examination of master and journeyman plumbers had been made part of the duties of the Department of Health.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the examination of master and journeyman plumbers was made",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
     "published": "1897"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The first plumbing counts a Columbus homeowner can read are for 1896: 794 plumbing permits and 757 sewer permits, 1,551 together, against 1,928 inspections.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total number of plumbing permits",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "That 1896 report also counted the fixtures the permits covered: 896 water closets, 559 wash bowls, 415 bath tubs, 704 kitchen sinks and 7 shower baths, 2,830 fixtures in all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Shower baths",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "In practice the plumbing inspector answered to the building side of the city, not the health side: both his 1896 and his 1901 reports are addressed to the Inspector of Buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "with your division of the Department of Public Safety",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
     "published": "1897"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1901 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/50510",
     "published": "1902"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Columbus's electrical ordinance is No. 34,574, \"To regulate the installation of electrical equipment, and to repeal Section 101 of the Columbus code of 1919\", passed and approved November 19, 1923.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "To regulate the installation of electrical equipment",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "That ordinance is how the national wiring standard reached Columbus houses: it required all electrical wiring apparatus and appliances to conform to the latest edition of the national electric code of the national board of fire underwriters.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the latest edition of the national electric code of the national board",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The ordinance handed the work to the office that already inspected buildings: notice to the division of building regulation before starting, inspection before anything was covered, and a certificate from the inspector of buildings when the work was approved.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall notify the division of building regulation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The ordinance wrote the rough-in inspection into law for old houses as well as new: where pockets were opened in walls, floors or ceilings for wiring, the flooring and pockets were not to be replaced until the inspection had been made.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "must not be replaced until an inspection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Something on wiring stood in the city code before that: the 1923 ordinance repealed Section 101 of the Columbus Code of 1919, which the city had adopted by Ordinance No. 31,200, passed February 10, 1919.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "31,200, passed February 10, 1919",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Electrical permits appear as their own line in the building division's annual counts for 1923; the same division's 1918 report listed building, plumbing, sewer, street, junk shop, sign and banner permits and no electrical permit at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Number of electrical permits issued",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1924 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10607",
     "published": "1925"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "Within a generation wiring was the busiest permit in the city: in 1947 Columbus issued 7,469 electrical permits against 4,111 building permits, out of 19,790 permits of all kinds.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Number of electrical permits issued",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
     "published": "1948"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The city also examined the trade: a Board of Electrical Examiners examined applicants as to their fitness to engage in the business of electrical contractor, and those who passed were certified to the city auditor.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "engage in the business of electrical contractor",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
     "published": "1948"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Progress in Municipal Government, Columbus, Ohio, 1936 to 1939: An Outline of the Activities of Municipal Government of the City of Columbus During the Past Three Years",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/201499",
     "published": "1939"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The smoke inspector's authority was over how a fire was tended: he supervised the ignition, stoking, feeding and attending of steam boiler and other furnace fires.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "ignition, stoking, feeding and attending steam boiler or other",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "It was also a permit office: no person could use a new or reconstructed plant for producing heat or power until a certificate had been obtained from the smoke inspector.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to use any new or reconstructed plant for the production",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The office was small and its record was a register of plants: in 1918 the Division of Smoke Abatement recorded 732 power and heating plants, made 287 inspections, investigated 36 complaints and gave 42 warnings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Total number of plants recorded",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "An advisory commission sat with the smoke inspector: the city records it as reestablished in November 1937 by appointment of the mayor, with members for engineering, employers, employees, residents and the coal industry.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "reestablished in November, 1937, by appointment of the Mayor",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Progress in Municipal Government, Columbus, Ohio, 1936 to 1939: An Outline of the Activities of Municipal Government of the City of Columbus During the Past Three Years",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/201499",
     "published": "1939"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The office lapsed and came back: the city's own reports for 1947 and 1953 say the division of smoke abatement was re-instituted in 1946, to curb the smoke nuisance from building-heating units and railroad equipment.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The division of smoke abatement was re-instituted in",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
     "published": "1948"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1953 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/50697",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "By 1953 the city was writing about the same office in wider terms, printing a section of its annual report under the heading air pollution control other than smoke.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "AIR POLLUTION CONTROL —OTHER THAN SMOKE",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1953 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/50697",
     "published": "1954"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The oldest house inspection in Columbus was the health department's, not the building department's: in the year ending March 31, 1891 the sanitary police investigated 17,388 nuisances and abated 16,213 of them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "investigated and reported upon 17,388 nuisances",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1891",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/49559",
     "published": "1891"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The health side kept inspecting houses long after the building side existed: in 1947 the city's division of sanitation recorded 9,773 sanitary inspections of dwellings, 4,128 of tenements and 1,558 of rooming houses.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Sanitary Inspections",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
     "published": "1948"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "What that side looked at was different from what the building inspector looked at: the division of housing and sanitation had charge of nuisance abatement and of the condition of yards, sewer, vaults and water supply.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "looks after the condition of yards, sewer, vaults and",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
     "published": "1948"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "Columbus wrote its home rule charter in 1914: the city's own printing says it was adopted Tuesday, May 5, 1914.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Adopted Tuesday, May 5, 1914",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
     "published": "1933"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "It carried two effective dates: January 1, 1915 for nominating and electing officers, and January 1, 1916 for establishing the departments, divisions and offices themselves.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "take effect on the first day of January, 1916",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
     "published": "1933"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The charter turned the building inspector's office into a named division of city government: a Division of Building Regulation, one of five divisions of the Department of Public Safety alongside police, fire, public welfare and weights and measures.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "(d) Division of building regulation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
     "published": "1933"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Section 113 of the charter gave the office its standing duty: the city's printing of the charter says the superintendent of building regulation shall enforce and administer all laws and ordinances relating to the erection, manufacture and repair of buildings and other structures.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the erection, manufacture and repair of buildings and other structures",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
     "published": "1933"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The charter kept health separate: all powers and duties relative to the public health were vested in a board of health of five members, four appointed and the superintendent of public welfare sitting by virtue of his office.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "All powers and duties relative to the public health shall be vested",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
     "published": "1933"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The 1918 division counted its year in permits and visits: 1,824 building permits, 1,304 plumbing permits and 823 sewer permits, against 3,741 building inspections, 2,879 plumbing inspections and 1,400 sewer inspections.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Number of building permits issued",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
     "published": "1919"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Columbus's zoning ordinance is No. 34,010: introduced at a regular meeting of council on April 2, 1923 and passed August 6, 1923.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "34010, as introduced at a regular meeting of city council April 2 last.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
     "published": "1923"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The appeal body came with it: the board of adjustment the zoning ordinance provided for was appointed that autumn and held its first meeting on October 18, 1923.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "its first meeting was held on October 18th",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The board sat over the building inspector: the city says it heard appeals from and reviewed orders and decisions made by the Inspector of Buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "hears appeals from and reviews orders and decisions made by the Inspector",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Progress in Municipal Government, Columbus, Ohio, 1936 to 1939: An Outline of the Activities of Municipal Government of the City of Columbus During the Past Three Years",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/201499",
     "published": "1939"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
     "published": "1924"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The offices are one department now: the City of Columbus says its Department of Building and Zoning Services provides building permits, zoning reviews, code enforcement, engineering and street addressing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "We provide services including building permits, zoning reviews, code enforcement",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Building & Zoning Services",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The city's own account of the permit record is that it lives in a portal: after a record is created, application status can be tracked through the Citizen Access Portal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "application status can be tracked through our Citizen Access Portal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Get or Track a Building Permit",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Get-a-Permit/Get-or-Track-a-Building-Permit",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Online Services (Building and Zoning Services)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Online-Services",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Records Research (Building and Zoning Services)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Records-Research",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The city says what is online is the recent record: recent records can be found on the portal by searching specific dates, addresses and permit types, and other public records go through the department's records section.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Recent records can be found on our Citizens Access Portal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Get or Track a Building Permit",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Get-a-Permit/Get-or-Track-a-Building-Permit",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Online Services (Building and Zoning Services)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Online-Services",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Records Research (Building and Zoning Services)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Records-Research",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The county's record is a different record: the Franklin County Auditor describes its real estate work as valuation, ownership and tax, and its real estate page does not mention building permits at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the most comprehensive set of real estate records available in Franklin County",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Franklin County Auditor",
     "title": "Real Estate",
     "url": "https://auditor.franklincountyohio.gov/Real-Estate",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C19",
   "a": "569 wash bowls",
   "a_source": "S03, the volume's machine OCR",
   "b": "559 wash bowls",
   "b_source": "S03, the same page rendered as an image and read at 4x by both agents",
   "printed": "print B. The verifier re-rendered the page independently and read 559; only 559 sums to the total of 2,830 printed at the foot of the same table, and 569 gives 2,840"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C41",
   "a": "erection, manufacture and repair of buildings and other structures",
   "a_source": "S19, section 113 of the charter as the city printed it in 1933",
   "b": "erection, maintenance and repair of buildings in the city of Columbus",
   "b_source": "S06, S07, S23 and S22, the city's 1918, 1923, 1947 and 1953 annual reports describing the inspector of buildings",
   "printed": "print A as the charter's words and B as the reports' words, and never attribute B to section 113. The verifier reversed the researcher's resolution: 'manufacture' is what the charter printing sets, in clean type at 6x, and the phrase appears in no other item in the library's City of Columbus collection; the reports name a different officer and a different scope, so they are the city describing the office, not quoting the charter"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C26",
   "a": "393 electrical permits in 1923",
   "a_source": "S07, the volume's text layer",
   "b": "the figure is not legible on the page at any resolution tried",
   "b_source": "S07, the same page rendered from the volume's own PDF at 420 and at 700 dots per inch by the two agents",
   "printed": "print neither figure; the claim states only that electrical permits appear as a line in 1923 and did not in 1918. If the page wants a number, use the 1924 report's legible 11,623 (S30) and say it is the first full year"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C7",
   "a": "an act of February 23, 1888, at 85 Ohio Laws 34",
   "a_source": "S20, the City of Columbus's own 1896 codification, confirmed on the page image",
   "b": "an act of the general assembly passed February 28, 1888, 85 O. L., 34",
   "b_source": "City of Cincinnati v. Steincamp, Hamilton Circuit Court, 1895, as indexed in CourtListener's full text; the opinion itself is behind a bot check and its API needs a key, so only the indexed passage was seen",
   "printed": "print A, attributed to the city's codification, and do not state the act's date as a fact of its own. Two publishers give the same volume and page and different days, and neither agent could open 85 Ohio Laws 34 to settle it. The court's description - an act for cities of the first class and first grade, which is Cincinnati's classification, carrying a fire-escape section 82 - is consistent with a long building act later reached by the act of April 3, 1890 the codification also cites, but that chain is inference and does not print"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C44",
   "a": "a public hearing on the zoning ordinance on May 28",
   "a_source": "S17, the Bulletin's editorial note above the tentative draft",
   "b": "a public hearing in the council chamber May 24 at 10 a.m.",
   "b_source": "S17, council's own resolution adopted April 16, 1923, in the same volume",
   "printed": "print neither hearing date. The two disagree inside one volume and nothing on the page needs the hearing"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus, together with a Financial Statement of the Receipts and Disbursements, for the Year Ending March 31, 1890",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/4986",
   "published": "1890"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1891",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/49559",
   "published": "1891"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1896 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6551",
   "published": "1897"
  },
  {
   "id": "S04",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1901 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/50510",
   "published": "1902"
  },
  {
   "id": "S05",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1902 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/17365",
   "published": "1903"
  },
  {
   "id": "S06",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1918 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/11145",
   "published": "1919"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1923 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10490",
   "published": "1924"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1895-1896 City of Columbus Annual Report (departmental reports for the year ending December 31, 1895; mayor's message dated March 30, 1896)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/6200",
   "published": "1896"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Annual Reports of the Various Departments of the City of Columbus ... for the Year Ending March 31, 1892",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/14117",
   "published": "1892"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1892-93 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/49029",
   "published": "1893"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1893 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/48622",
   "published": "1894"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "The City Bulletin, City of Columbus, volume 21 (1923)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/23827",
   "published": "1923"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Charter of the City of Columbus, Ohio, adopted May 5, 1914, with amendments to March 1, 1933, published by order of the city council",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/186226",
   "published": "1933"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Ordinances of the City of Columbus, Ohio: Revised, Codified and Consolidated",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0/ordinancesofcity0000colu_q8k0_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1896"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, for the year ending October 31, 1896",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1896ohio/annualreportofst1896ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1897"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1953 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/50697",
   "published": "1954"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1947 City of Columbus Annual Report (with the City Manual, Columbus, Ohio, 1948)",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/15546",
   "published": "1948"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Progress in Municipal Government, Columbus, Ohio, 1936 to 1939: An Outline of the Activities of Municipal Government of the City of Columbus During the Past Three Years",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/201499",
   "published": "1939"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Building & Zoning Services",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Get or Track a Building Permit",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Get-a-Permit/Get-or-Track-a-Building-Permit",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "Franklin County Auditor",
   "title": "Real Estate",
   "url": "https://auditor.franklincountyohio.gov/Real-Estate",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "1924 City of Columbus Annual Report",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/10607",
   "published": "1925"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26b",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Online Services (Building and Zoning Services)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Online-Services",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26c",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Records Research (Building and Zoning Services)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Records-Research",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}