{
 "page": "linden-columbus-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/linden-columbus-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "title": "Linden: two villages, the storm sewers the state would not let a bathroom use, and the mains that came with annexation",
 "record": "kb-wave-eleven-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The ground now called Linden was part of a military land grant: a history compiled by the Linden Community Council says a tract of 4,000 acres in Quarter Township No. 4, Township No. 1, Range No. 18 was granted on September 1, 1800 by President John Adams to George Stevenson, a doctor of Wilmington, Delaware, and that the tract is the land known today as Linden.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "This tract of land is known today as Linden.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Neighborhoods, WOSU Public Media and Ohio State University",
     "title": "Linden neighborhood page",
     "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/linden/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own North Linden Neighborhood Plan names the early landholders. It says Frederick Weber started with five acres in 1834 at what is now Weber Road and Oakland Park Avenue and came to hold a 310-acre farm, that the Innis family held 618 acres in the early 1800s, and that Henry Huy bought 162 acres on what is now Huy Road in the middle of the century. The Columbus Metropolitan Library's catalog record agrees on Huy, dating the purchase to 1870 and giving his years as 1828 to 1915.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1870 he and his father purchased 162 acres at 1358-1474 Huy Road.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library",
     "title": "Henry Huy portrait, Columbus in Historic Photographs, item 8707",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/ohio/id/8707/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "Two things reached the ground before the houses did, and the documents date one of them two ways. Both the Linden Community Council's history and the City of Columbus's neighborhood plans say the streetcar line to Westerville, running along what is now Cleveland Avenue, came first; the Linden Community Council puts it in operation in 1893. On the subdivision the two disagree: the Linden Community Council says the real estate firm of Simons, Neil and Simons laid out Linden Heights in 1895, and the City of Columbus's 2003 plans say the same firm established the Linden Heights Subdivision in 1893.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "the electric street car line connecting Columbus with Minerva Park and Westerville",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Four different years are in print for the incorporation of the village of Linden Heights. The City of Columbus's 2018 One Linden plan and the Linden Community Council's history say 1908; the Columbus Metropolitan Library's catalog note on a 1928 photograph says 1909; the City of Columbus's 2003 neighborhood plans say 1901; and Osman Hooper's 1920 history of Columbus prints 1911 in a table of suburban villages.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Founded as Linden Heights in 1908, the community was incorporated as a village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library",
     "title": "Linden Heights Business District, Columbus in Historic Photographs, item 13185",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/ohio/id/13185/",
     "published": "1928"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the founding of Franklinton, chapter XIV, Suburban Villages table, printed page 113",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00hoop",
     "published": "1920"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The documents bound the village differently too. The Linden Community Council's history says it took in the territory between Mock Road, now Hudson Street, and Manhattan Avenue, now Weber Road, and between McGuffey Road and the C.A. and C. Railroad. The City of Columbus's 2003 plans give Weber Road on the north, McGuffey Road on the west, Genessee Avenue on the south and the railroad on the east. The 2018 One Linden plan says the center of the village was the intersection of Weber Road and Cleveland Avenue.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "created Linden Heights Village with boundaries of Weber Road to the north",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The village's recorded size grew, and the largest figure in print does not match the contemporary record. The Ohio State Board of Health put the area inside the corporation limits at 225 acres in 1909 and at about 260 acres in 1911 and again in 1912; Hooper's 1920 history prints 2 square miles; a 2024 article in Health Affairs says the suburb spanned six square miles.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "The area within the corporation limits is 225 acres",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1909: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 208 to 209, and the Board's minutes",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1910"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1911: Report on Proposed Storm Water Sewer for Linden Heights, printed pages 302 to 303, and the Board's actions",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1912"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the founding of Franklinton, chapter XIV, Suburban Villages table, printed page 113",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00hoop",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Health Affairs (Barnett, Reece, Mosley, Baek, Hyder, Kelleher, Sealy-Jefferson and Chisolm)",
     "title": "A History Of The Impacts Of Discriminatory Policies On Housing And Maternal And Infant Health In An Ohio Neighborhood, Health Affairs volume 43 number 2, pages 181 to 189",
     "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11328579/",
     "published": "2024-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Board of Health's engineer put the village's population at about 1,000 in 1911 and again in 1912, the second time saying the figure was based on the 1910 census report; the City of Columbus's 2003 plans also say the population of Linden was approximately 1,000 at the time the village was created.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The population, as based on the 1910 census report, is about 1,000.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1911: Report on Proposed Storm Water Sewer for Linden Heights, printed pages 302 to 303, and the Board's actions",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1912"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau did not print Linden Heights on its own line in the 1920 count of minor civil divisions. It printed Clinton township, including East Linden and Linden Heights villages, at 5,908 in 1920, against 9,132 in 1910 and 4,385 in 1900, with a footnote that parts of Clinton, Franklin and Marion townships had been annexed to Montgomery township, meaning Columbus city, since 1910.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Clinton township, including East Linden and Linden Heights villages",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Volume I, Population, Table 53, Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1900, Ohio, printed page 563",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/volume-1/41084484v1ch5.pdf",
     "published": "1921"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "Linden Heights was not the only village here. East Linden was incorporated as well: Hooper's 1920 history prints it at three-quarters of a square mile with a population of 500 and J. B. Denune as first mayor, the Linden Community Council's history puts it east of the C.A. and C. Railroad between Genessee Avenue and Agler Road, and the Ohio State Board of Health listed a village health officer for East Linden in its 1912 and 1913 reports.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "East Linden is in the Columbus school district and has two schools",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper",
     "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the founding of Franklinton, chapter XIV, Suburban Villages table, printed page 113",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00hoop",
     "published": "1920"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1913, Health Officers in Cities and Villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1914"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "On March 15, 1909 plans for a storm sewer system for the village of Linden Heights were submitted to the Ohio State Board of Health, and the Board approved them at its meeting of April 22, 1909. The Board's engineer described the place as a new suburb of Columbus lying to the north of the city, with a population that was very small but expected to reach about 800 in four or five years, 225 acres inside the corporation limits, and topography that was quite flat.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The village of Linden Heights is a new suburb of Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1909: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 208 to 209, and the Board's minutes",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1910"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The 1909 approval was granted only on condition that the village council pass an ordinance forbidding anyone to tap those sewers for water closet wastes, sink drainage or household wastes of any kind. The sewers were to be shallow, a minimum of about two and a half feet and a maximum of about five, and the Board's engineer counted the shallowness as an advantage, because it would keep them from being used for cellar drainage and make their use for sanitary wastes unlikely.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "water closet wastes, sink drainage, or household wastes of any kind",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1909: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 208 to 209, and the Board's minutes",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1910"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "In January 1911 the village solicitor asked the Board for more time to build and for permission to tap the sewers for sink drainage; on January 25, 1911 the Board granted the extension to May 1, 1912 and refused the sink drainage.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "grant an extension of time for completing the sewer to May 1st, 1912",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1911: Report on Proposed Storm Water Sewer for Linden Heights, printed pages 302 to 303, and the Board's actions",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1912"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "Two documents say plainly what the village had before annexation. The Ohio State Board of Health's engineer wrote in 1912 that Linden Heights was essentially a suburban community and had no municipal improvements; the City of Columbus's One Linden plan quotes an account describing the village as a mudhole with no pavements, no sidewalks, no gas, no sewers and no water.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "essentially a suburban community and has no municipal improvements",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Nothing came of the 1909 plans; reviewing the file in 1912 the Board's engineer wrote that nothing was done toward carrying them out. A second set of storm sewer plans was submitted on August 14, 1912 by R. K. Schlafly, engineer for the village, providing for 4.74 miles of sewers to be built at once, all of them west of Cleveland Avenue, and a further 1.58 miles of eight-inch and twelve-inch sewers east of Cleveland Avenue that were not to be installed in the near future. The 1912 plans made provision for 1,160 sewer connections and expected about 400 of them in the first year the sewers were in use; the pipe was to be vitrified sewer pipe of eight to twenty-four inches, with about fifty manholes and seventeen catch basins.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Nothing was done toward carrying out the above plans.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The Board approved the 1912 plans on September 12, 1912 on condition that the village pass an ordinance allowing connections for surface drainage, cistern overflows, roof downspouts and cellar drainage while prohibiting closet wastes, sink drainage, household wastes of any kind and cesspool overflows; on October 23, 1912 it agreed to allow inside cellar drains if the village appointed a cellar drain inspector.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "prohibiting connections for closet wastes, sink drainage, household wastes of any kind",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "Alum Creek does not run through Linden, and the state's own engineer measured the distance. The Ohio State Board of Health's 1912 report says the natural drainage of Linden Heights ran southeast to Alum Creek, two and a half miles distant, while about thirty acres in the western part of the village drained southwest to the Olentangy River about two miles away. The proposed outfall ran along the west side of the Cleveland, Akron and Columbus Railroad to a stone culvert 800 feet southeast of the village, into a ditch that reached Alum Creek near the Johnstown Road bridge, passing through the grounds of St. Mary's of the Springs on the way.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a south-easterly direction to Alum Creek which is 2.5 miles distant",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The United States Geological Survey has one Alum Creek gage at Columbus, and it is south of downtown, not in Linden: on the left bank a quarter of a mile downstream from the Livingston Avenue bridge, six miles above the creek's mouth, with a drainage area of 190 square miles. There the January 1959 flood peaked at 26,400 cubic feet per second at four in the morning on January 22, 1959, at a gage height of 19.59 feet read from a high-water mark, against a previous maximum in the station's record of 8,800 cubic feet per second on February 27, 1929, at 13.6 feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Discharge, 26,400 cfs 4 a.m. Jan. 22 (gage height, 19.59 ft",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418), station 96, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio, and the Scioto River and Tributaries narrative",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio and Adjacent States (Water-Supply Paper 1750-A), station 124, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1750a/report.pdf",
     "published": "1963"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The Survey wrote that the peak on Alum Creek was over five times the mean annual flood and six feet higher in stage than the highest flood in the past thirty-five years, and that Alum and Big Walnut Creeks, in the eastern part of the city, were at unprecedented stages.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "6 feet higher in stage than the highest flood in the past 35 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418), station 96, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio, and the Scioto River and Tributaries narrative",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio and Adjacent States (Water-Supply Paper 1750-A), station 124, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1750a/report.pdf",
     "published": "1963"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "Circular 418 gives no 1913 figure for Alum Creek, because the Alum Creek record begins in 1923. Its 1913 comparison is on the next creek east: at the Big Walnut Creek gage at Rees the maximum stage known before 1959 was 20.5 feet on March 25, 1913, which the January 1959 flood passed by a foot and a half.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Maximum stage known prior to 1959, 20.5 ft Mar. 25, 1913",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418), station 96, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio, and the Scioto River and Tributaries narrative",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The annexation year is given two ways. The City of Columbus says 1921, in its 2003 neighborhood plans and again in its 2018 One Linden plan, and a 2024 article in Health Affairs follows the city; the Linden Community Council's history says the village was annexed in 1920 by vote of the residents. The city's plan explains why it took so long and what it bought: the village could not be annexed until the two municipalities touched, so Linden Heights expanded its territory southward to close the gap, and with annexation came the promise of adequate utility connections for new housing development.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "With annexation came the promise of adequate utility connections",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Health Affairs (Barnett, Reece, Mosley, Baek, Hyder, Kelleher, Sealy-Jefferson and Chisolm)",
     "title": "A History Of The Impacts Of Discriminatory Policies On Housing And Maternal And Infant Health In An Ohio Neighborhood, Health Affairs volume 43 number 2, pages 181 to 189",
     "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11328579/",
     "published": "2024-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "When Columbus water and sewers actually reached Linden is given two ways, four years apart. The City of Columbus's 2003 neighborhood plans say streetlights were added by 1920, along with sewer and water lines. The Linden Community Council's history says that about 1924 Linden had electric street lights furnished by the city of Columbus, and that about the same time the Columbus water and sewer systems were extended to Linden.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Streetlights were added by 1920, along with sewer and water lines.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The South Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council December 15, 2003: Introduction and the 2000 census housing appendix",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/148790/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "One dated account puts a Linden school without city water well after annexation: a chapter in the Linden Community Council's history says McGuffey School began in 1924 with 77 children in portable buildings, and that there was no gas, electricity, nor city water.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There was no gas, electricity, nor city water.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Cleveland Avenue was paved in 1913. The City of Columbus's neighborhood plans say it was paved with bricks from Seventeenth Avenue to Westerville Road that year, and the Linden Community Council's history says the work of paving Cleveland Avenue began in 1913, with a double track laid all the way from Columbus to Linden.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In 1913 Cleveland Avenue was paved with bricks from Seventeenth Avenue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's One Linden plan says that between 1921 and 1929 the Northeast Corridor, primarily the Linden area, represented 29 percent of all housing subdivision construction in the city, that it saw 23 subdivisions in the decade against 14 on the north side, and that of those subdivisions 21 carried setback restrictions, 13 carried price restrictions and 20 carried race restrictions that typically barred African-Americans and sometimes other minority groups from purchasing the property.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "20 contained race restrictions that typically barred African-Americans",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The two documents describe the federal lending map of the 1930s differently. The City of Columbus's One Linden plan says that in a 1936 map the Linden area contained three classifications of security risk, red for highest risk, yellow for declining and blue for still desirable. The Health Affairs article dates the assessment to 1934 and says most of the area in Linden was redlined, receiving a C or D rating.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "the Linden area contained three classifications of security risk",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Health Affairs (Barnett, Reece, Mosley, Baek, Hyder, Kelleher, Sealy-Jefferson and Chisolm)",
     "title": "A History Of The Impacts Of Discriminatory Policies On Housing And Maternal And Infant Health In An Ohio Neighborhood, Health Affairs volume 43 number 2, pages 181 to 189",
     "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11328579/",
     "published": "2024-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The 1950 census reported condition and plumbing as one item, so its Linden figures cannot be read as a count of bathrooms. The category is No private bath or dilapidated, and a dwelling unit falls into it either for want of the fixture or for the condition of the building. For the city as a whole the Census Bureau put 19,458 of 108,286 dwelling units reporting, about 18 percent, in that category, and 5,764, about 5 percent, in No running water or dilapidated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No private bath or dilapidated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "In 1950 the Linden ground fell mostly in census tracts 7, 9, 14 and 15, the four tract numbers the City of Columbus still used for its Linden study area in 2018, and the two northern ones came out well below the city. Tract 7 ran from the C.C.C. and St. L. Railroad on the west to McGuffey Road and Ontario Street on the east, and from Weber Road and Aberdeen Avenue on the north to Seventeenth Avenue on the south: of its 3,316 dwelling units reporting, 153, about 5 percent, were counted as no private bath or dilapidated and 56, under 2 percent, as no running water or dilapidated. Tract 9, the old East Linden ground between Hudson Street and Aberdeen Avenue east of McGuffey Road, put 83 of 2,431, about 3 percent, in the first category and 14 in the second.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CHARACTERISTICS OF DWELLING UNITS, BY CENSUS TRACTS: 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The southern tracts carried the higher figures. Tract 14, from Seventeenth Avenue south to Fifth Avenue between the railroad and Louis Avenue, put 303 of 1,306 dwelling units reporting, about 23 percent, in no private bath or dilapidated and 129, about 10 percent, in no running water or dilapidated. Tract 15, east of Cleveland Avenue between Twelfth and Fifth Avenues, put 85 of 824, about 10 percent, in the first category and 23 in the second.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CHARACTERISTICS OF DWELLING UNITS, BY CENSUS TRACTS: 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The same table dates the housing. Of tract 7's 3,140 dwelling units reporting a year built, 1,790 were put at 1940 or later and 235 at 1919 or earlier; of tract 9's 2,305, 875 were 1940 or later and 365 were 1919 or earlier. In the southern tracts the weight sits in the 1920s: 445 of tract 14's 1,195 and 430 of tract 15's 760 were built between 1920 and 1929.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "YEAR BUILT",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "North of Weber Road, outside the boundary the city later drew for Linden, the 1950 housing was newer than anything inside it. Of the 1,040 dwelling units in tract 3 reporting a year built, 890 were put at 1940 or later, and 92 of its 1,098 units reporting condition and plumbing, about 8 percent, fell in no private bath or dilapidated. In tract 8, north of Aberdeen Avenue and east of Karl and McGuffey roads, the figure was 105 of 1,493, about 7 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CHARACTERISTICS OF DWELLING UNITS, BY CENSUS TRACTS: 1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau printed two further tables for the tracts that, in its own headnote, contain 250 or more nonwhite persons. The tracts it listed for Columbus were 14, 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 47, 48, 53, 54 and 61, with six more in the adjacent area. Tracts 3, 7, 8 and 9 are not among them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Tracts listed are those which contain 250 or more nonwhite persons",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
     "published": "1952-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's own table of the Linden area, running from 1940 to 2016, records both the housing and the change in who lived there. It puts the area at 17,266 people and 4,774 housing units in 1940, of which 94, or 2.0 percent, were vacant, and at 27,070 people and 8,043 housing units in 1950, of which 100, or 1.2 percent, were vacant and 5,946, or 74.9 percent, were owner-occupied. It gives the area as 96.2 percent white in 1940 and 96.3 percent in 1950; 83.6 percent white in 1960; 49.9 percent white and 49.7 percent African-American in 1970; and 64.6 percent African-American in 1980. Its 2016 American Community Survey rows read 63.4 percent African-American and 23.0 percent white.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS, 1940-2016",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The 1942 essay in the Linden Community Council's history says Linden was from its beginning largely made up of working people and retired farmers, and that a great number of Pennsylvania Railroad workers who had homes in the Leonard and Mount Vernon section moved to Linden, so that Linden was by then to a great extent a section of active and retired railroad men.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "largely made up of working people and retired farmers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
     "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "Interstate 71 came through on Linden's western edge in the 1960s. The City of Columbus's plan says interchanges in the Linden area began to open in 1960, with the Seventeenth and Eleventh Avenue exits opening in 1961, and that most of Linden was spared the wholesale demolition experienced in other neighborhoods because the highway ran close and parallel to the railway that already marked Linden's western boundary.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Interchanges in the Linden area began to open in 1960",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus's One Linden plan puts its study area at 2.63 square miles and 1,682 acres, covering seven census tracts and two area commissions, with East Eleventh Avenue, East Seventeenth Avenue, East Hudson Street, East Weber Road, Cleveland Avenue, Joyce Avenue, Westerville Road and Interstate 71 as the streets on its map. Columbus Neighborhoods, from WOSU Public Media and Ohio State, draws it wider, from Eighth Avenue to Ward Road and from the Conrail tracks to Joyce Avenue and Westerville Road, with Hudson Street dividing North from South Linden.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Hudson Street divides the neighborhood into North and South Linden",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Neighborhoods, WOSU Public Media and Ohio State University",
     "title": "Linden neighborhood page",
     "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/linden/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "Columbus City Council adopted the North Linden Neighborhood Plan on June 16, 2003 as the city's official guide for the neighborhood. It bounds North Linden by Cooke and Ferris roads on the north, Conrail tracks on the east, Hudson Street on the south and Conrail tracks on the west; it says single-family detached houses account for roughly three-quarters of the housing units, that most of the housing stock was built prior to 1970 with about 40 percent constructed between 1950 and 1959, and that about eight percent of the housing units were vacant at the 2000 census; and it records that some residential streets in the neighborhood are unimproved and were developed by the county before being annexed into the city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "about 40 percent constructed between 1950-1959",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "Columbus City Council adopted the South Linden Neighborhood Plan on December 15, 2003. It bounds South Linden by Hudson Street on the north, the railroad and Joyce Avenue on the east, the railroad on the south and Interstate 71, and prints from the 2000 census 4,628 housing units in the area, 4,081 of them occupied, 2,038 owner-occupied and 547, or 11.8 percent, vacant.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "TOTAL HOUSING UNITS 4,628",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
     "title": "The South Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council December 15, 2003: Introduction and the 2000 census housing appendix",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/148790/",
     "published": "2003"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The One Linden plan describes the housing a remodel meets in Linden. It says half of the structures in the neighborhood were built before 1942, that over 50 percent of housing units were constructed between 1940 and 1959 against just 16 percent citywide, and that the primary structure is a single-family house of around 1,000 square feet with a significant number of duplexes, the predominant type being the cottage or cape cod.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Half of structures in the neighborhood were built before 1942.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The same plan puts structural vacancy in Linden at 21.5 percent in 2016 data, about double the average for the City of Columbus, with one census tract over 30 percent, and records that the city's Land Bank owned 344 parcels in the Linden planning area as of January 2018, 194 of them with a structure demolished between 2012 and 2017.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "about double the average for the City of Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "The plan says the City of Columbus designates Linden as a Community Reinvestment Area through its residential tax incentives program, which it describes as designed to stabilize neighborhoods and stimulate revitalization by retaining residents and attracting new homeowners in specific areas.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "designates Linden as a Community Reinvestment Area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "Blueprint Columbus, the city program already described on this site's sewers page, has reached Linden. The City of Columbus says Blueprint Columbus expands into the Linden area to reduce sanitary sewer overflows by improving current infrastructure, repurposing abandoned properties for stormwater control and adding green infrastructure in neighborhoods.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Blueprint Columbus expands into the Linden area to reduce sanitary sewer overflows",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Blueprint Linden Green Infrastructure Projects page",
     "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20240527183816/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Blueprint-CIPs/Blueprint-Linden-Area-Projects/Blueprint-Linden-Green-Infrastructure-Projects",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "One North Linden project shows what the program asks of a house. The city says the Agler and Berrell project would rehabilitate approximately 610 sanitary sewer service laterals by trenchless methods using cured-in-place pipe, in an area bounded approximately by Agler on the north, Berrell and Parkwood on the east, Genessee on the south and Cleveland on the west, with construction expected to begin early in 2023 and finish by fall of 2024, and that each affected resident receives written notice from the city's contractor beforehand asking them to restrict water use for a short period, approximately four hours, while the lateral is lined.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "rehabilitate approximately 610 sanitary sewer service laterals in the project area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
     "title": "Blueprint N Linden - Agler/Berrell Lateral Lining project page",
     "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20240527183901/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Blueprint-CIPs/Blueprint-Linden-Area-Projects/Blueprint-N-Linden-AglerBerrell-Lateral-Lining",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "Mayor Andrew J. Ginther and the Department of Neighborhoods released the One Linden plan on October 23, 2018. The city says it was developed over the previous eighteen months with Linden residents and stakeholders, that it began with public outreach, workshops and open houses in March of 2017, and that working groups on education and workforce, transportation, health and safety, housing, and retail and small business met monthly.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "released the One Linden plan for the Linden community",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Office of the Mayor",
     "title": "Mayor Andrew J. Ginther and Department of Neighborhoods Release One Linden Plan (news release)",
     "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20230226113146/https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/Detail.aspx?id=2147506622",
     "published": "2018-10-23"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "Nothing a bathroom remodel meets in housing of this age is particular to Linden, and every rule of it is jurisdictional rather than neighborhood-specific: whether the work needs a permit in Columbus, which code applies, what to do about paint before 1978 and asbestos in an older house, what the supply pipe is likely to be by era, and what is under the floor.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Half of structures in the neighborhood were built before 1942.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
     "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
     "published": "2018-10"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C6",
   "a": "Linden Heights incorporated 1908",
   "a_source": "S6 (City of Columbus, One Linden plan, 2018), S5 (Linden Community Council), S13 (Health Affairs)",
   "b": "1901 (S7 and S8, the City of Columbus's own 2003 plans); 1909 (S17, Columbus Metropolitan Library catalog note); 1911 (S4, Hooper, 1920)",
   "b_source": null,
   "printed": "print all four, each attributed, and add the fixed point that the Ohio State Board of Health was dealing with the village on March 15, 1909, which puts 1911 out of reach. Do not choose a year."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C4",
   "a": "Linden Heights laid out in 1895",
   "a_source": "S5, Linden Community Council",
   "b": "Linden Heights Subdivision established in 1893",
   "b_source": "S7 and S8, City of Columbus",
   "printed": "print both"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C7",
   "a": "Village bounded by Mock Road (Hudson) and Manhattan Avenue (Weber), McGuffey Road and the C.A. and C. Railroad",
   "a_source": "S5, Linden Community Council",
   "b": "Weber Road north, McGuffey Road west, Genessee Avenue south, the railroad east",
   "b_source": "S7 and S8, City of Columbus",
   "printed": "print both as each document gives them; the city's plan puts McGuffey Road on the west, which does not match the road's location, and that is what the document says"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C8",
   "a": "225 acres in 1909 and about 260 acres in 1911 and 1912",
   "a_source": "S1, S2, S3, Ohio State Board of Health",
   "b": "2 square miles in 1920 (S4, Hooper); six square miles (S13, Health Affairs)",
   "b_source": "Hooper; Health Affairs",
   "printed": "print the state's acreages with their years and the later figures attributed; six square miles is more than fourteen times the Board's 1912 figure"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C28",
   "a": "Annexed 1921",
   "a_source": "S6, S7, S8 (City of Columbus) and S13 (Health Affairs)",
   "b": "Annexed 1920 by vote of the residents",
   "b_source": "S5, Linden Community Council",
   "printed": "print both, attributed"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C30",
   "a": "Streetlights added by 1920, along with sewer and water lines",
   "a_source": "S7 and S8, City of Columbus, 2003 plans",
   "b": "About 1924 the Columbus water and sewer systems were extended to Linden",
   "b_source": "S5, Linden Community Council",
   "printed": "print both and say the record is not settled; no document opened gives a date for a particular street"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C35",
   "a": "A 1936 map, with red, yellow and blue sections in Linden",
   "a_source": "S6, City of Columbus, One Linden plan",
   "b": "A 1934 assessment, most of Linden receiving a C or D rating",
   "b_source": "S13, Health Affairs",
   "printed": "print both, attributed"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C44",
   "a": "Linden's 1960 population 32,543",
   "a_source": "S6, the City of Columbus's own table",
   "b": "Linden's 1960 population 35,543",
   "b_source": "S13, Health Affairs",
   "printed": "print A because the city's own table is internally consistent: its 27,209 white-population figure (which Health Affairs does not repeat -- Health Affairs states only a percentage) is 83.6 percent of 32,543, matching the plan's own stated share, and only 76.6 percent of 35,543, which does not match Health Affairs' own stated 84 percent. Record B in a note."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C47",
   "a": "The Linden study area runs from Eleventh Avenue north to Weber Road, 2.63 square miles",
   "a_source": "S6, City of Columbus, One Linden plan, 2018",
   "b": "Linden extends from Eighth Avenue to Ward Road, Conrail tracks to Joyce Avenue and Westerville Road",
   "b_source": "S18, Columbus Neighborhoods, WOSU Public Media and Ohio State University",
   "printed": "print both, each attributed, and note that the city itself uses two further pairs of boundaries in its 2003 North Linden and South Linden plans (C49, C50)"
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1909: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 208 to 209, and the Board's minutes",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1910"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1911: Report on Proposed Storm Water Sewer for Linden Heights, printed pages 302 to 303, and the Board's actions",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1912"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1912: Report on Proposed Storm Sewerage for Linden Heights, printed pages 524 to 528, and the list of health officers in cities and villages",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1912ohio/annualreportofst1912ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1913"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Osman Castle Hooper",
   "title": "History of the City of Columbus, Ohio, from the founding of Franklinton, chapter XIV, Suburban Villages table, printed page 113",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00hoop",
   "published": "1920"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Linden Community Council",
   "title": "History of Linden, containing The Story of Linden 1800-1942 by Rev. John Ohlinger Lang and a chapter on McGuffey School by George R. Frank",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/217296/",
   "published": "1980"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "One Linden: Our Community. Our Future. (the One Linden plan), sections on History, Population Shifts, Demographic Characteristics 1940-2016, and Housing",
   "url": "https://www.onelinden.org/_files/ugd/ce33bf_10407146e073436b9b5c3e11fad9ed8b.pdf",
   "published": "2018-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
   "title": "The North Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council June 16, 2003: History, Introduction, Residential Districts and Stormwater Drainage sections",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/151401/",
   "published": "2003"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Development, Planning Division",
   "title": "The South Linden Neighborhood Plan, adopted by Columbus City Council December 15, 2003: Introduction and the 2000 census housing appendix",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/p16802coll28/id/148790/",
   "published": "2003"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 United States Census of Population, Volume III, Census Tract Statistics, Chapter 13: Columbus, Ohio and Adjacent Area, Table 3, Characteristics of Dwelling Units, by Census Tracts, Tables 4 and 5, and the bulletin's map, Part 1, Tracts in Columbus city",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-3/41557421v3p1ch8.pdf",
   "published": "1952-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, Volume I, Population, Table 53, Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions: 1920, 1910, and 1900, Ohio, printed page 563",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1920/volume-1/41084484v1ch5.pdf",
   "published": "1921"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Circular 418), station 96, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio, and the Scioto River and Tributaries narrative",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
   "published": "1959"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio and Adjacent States (Water-Supply Paper 1750-A), station 124, Alum Creek at Columbus, Ohio",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/wsp/1750a/report.pdf",
   "published": "1963"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Health Affairs (Barnett, Reece, Mosley, Baek, Hyder, Kelleher, Sealy-Jefferson and Chisolm)",
   "title": "A History Of The Impacts Of Discriminatory Policies On Housing And Maternal And Infant Health In An Ohio Neighborhood, Health Affairs volume 43 number 2, pages 181 to 189",
   "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11328579/",
   "published": "2024-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Office of the Mayor",
   "title": "Mayor Andrew J. Ginther and Department of Neighborhoods Release One Linden Plan (news release)",
   "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20230226113146/https://www.columbus.gov/Templates/Detail.aspx?id=2147506622",
   "published": "2018-10-23"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "Blueprint N Linden - Agler/Berrell Lateral Lining project page",
   "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20240527183901/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Blueprint-CIPs/Blueprint-Linden-Area-Projects/Blueprint-N-Linden-AglerBerrell-Lateral-Lining",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities",
   "title": "Blueprint Linden Green Infrastructure Projects page",
   "url": "http://web.archive.org/web/20240527183816/https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Capital-Improvement-Projects/Blueprint-CIPs/Blueprint-Linden-Area-Projects/Blueprint-Linden-Green-Infrastructure-Projects",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library",
   "title": "Linden Heights Business District, Columbus in Historic Photographs, item 13185",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/ohio/id/13185/",
   "published": "1928"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17b",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library",
   "title": "Henry Huy portrait, Columbus in Historic Photographs, item 8707",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/ohio/id/8707/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Columbus Neighborhoods, WOSU Public Media and Ohio State University",
   "title": "Linden neighborhood page",
   "url": "https://devcolumbusneighborhoods.osu.edu/neighborhood/linden/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio, 1913, Health Officers in Cities and Villages",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1914"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Library of Congress",
   "title": "Sanborn Maps collection, searched for Linden Heights and for Columbus, Franklin County, Ohio",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/collections/sanborn-maps/?q=Linden+Heights&fo=json",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}