{
 "page": "ohio-fires-floods-and-collapses-that-changed-building-rules.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/ohio-fires-floods-and-collapses-that-changed-building-rules.html",
 "title": "Ohio fires, floods and collapses, and the rules that followed each one",
 "record": "kb-wave-twelve-ohio-building-history-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The Ohio Board of Building Standards says the Ohio legislature first authorized construction regulation in 1911, and that although very limited it covered various aspects of construction, repair, sanitation and fire protection.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The Ohio legislature first authorized construction regulation in 1911",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "East Central Ohio Building Authority",
     "title": "Ohio Building Code",
     "url": "https://www.ecohba.com/ohio-building-code",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "About BBS",
     "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/board-of-building-standards/about-bbs",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The East Central Ohio Building Authority says the first building code written for the whole state was adopted in 1911 to regulate construction, repair, alterations, additions, sanitation and fire protection for public buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "adopted in 1911 to regulate the construction, repair, alterations, additions, sanitation and fire",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "East Central Ohio Building Authority",
     "title": "Ohio Building Code",
     "url": "https://www.ecohba.com/ohio-building-code",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Section 3781.01, Municipal corporation may make additional regulations",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.01",
     "published": "2005-05-27"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "In 1943 the Ohio Attorney General advised that an owner putting up a house or an apartment building did not have to send plans to the state's chief of the division of workshops, factories and public buildings, and that the officer had no jurisdiction over building them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "is not required to submit plans and specifications for the same",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Attorney General",
     "title": "Opinion No. 6058, May 7, 1943, to the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations",
     "url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/getattachment/fb2a43c8-f5ed-4466-a81e-8162af693d06/1943-6058.aspx",
     "published": "1943-05-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Ohio Department of Commerce says its Division of State Fire Marshal, based in Reynoldsburg, is the oldest office of its kind in the United States.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the oldest office of its kind in the United States",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Division of State Fire Marshal",
     "title": "About State Fire Marshal",
     "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/state-fire-marshal/about-state-fire-marshal",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at the Collinwood Memorial School garden in Cleveland says a fire of unknown origin started in the basement of the Lakeview School on Ash Wednesday, March 4, 1908.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "On Ash Wednesday, March 4, 1908, a fire of unknown origin started",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "51-18 Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/51-18-collinwood-school-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The marker gives the toll as 172 children, 2 teachers and 1 rescuer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "172 children, 2 teachers, and 1 rescuer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "51-18 Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/51-18-collinwood-school-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Case Western Reserve University's Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says only 194 of the 366 students enrolled escaped the fire.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "only 194 of the 366 students enrolled escaped the blaze",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The marker says that as a result of the Collinwood school fire local and national governments took action to revise building codes and remodel existing buildings to make schools safer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "local and national governments took action to revise building codes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "51-18 Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/51-18-collinwood-school-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says the horror of the Collinwood fire caused numerous school inspections across the country, which resulted in stricter laws.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "numerous school inspections across the country, which resulted in stricter laws",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "51-18 Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/51-18-collinwood-school-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The story that the school's doors opened inward is wrong: the coroner's inquest and a physical examination of the building found that the outer doors did open outward, in accordance with the law at that time.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the outer doors did open outward in accordance with the law at that time",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The Smithsonian's National Museum of American History says crash bars, also called panic bars, were added to exit doors after the tragedy, and that the first model was produced by the Vonnegut Hardware Company after the Collinwood fire.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "crash bars (also called panic bars) were added to exit doors",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
     "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
     "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Ohio law today tells a school principal to drill the children at least six times a school year and not to let the doors and exits of the building be locked during school hours.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "keep the doors and exits of such building unlocked",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Section 3737.73, Prohibition against failure to instruct pupils in fire drills and tornado safety precautions",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3737.73",
     "published": "2021-03-24"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Section 3781.104, Smoke detector systems or sprinkler system for apartment buildings and condominiums",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.104",
     "published": "1981-11-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Miamisburg says that in 1914 the Ohio General Assembly passed the Conservancy Act of Ohio, leading to the establishment of the Miami Conservancy District in 1915.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In 1914, the Ohio General Assembly passed the Conservancy Act of Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "29-57 Miamisburg in the Great Flood of 1913",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/29-57-miamisburg-in-the-great-flood-of-1913/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
     "title": "The Conservancy Act",
     "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-conservancy-act",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The Miami Conservancy District says the Ohio General Assembly passed the Conservancy Act of Ohio in February 1914, and that the act allowed the creation of regional agencies to provide flood protection for communities within the state.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In February 1914, the Ohio General Assembly passed the Conservancy Act of Ohio.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
     "title": "The Conservancy Act",
     "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-conservancy-act",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "29-57 Miamisburg in the Great Flood of 1913",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/29-57-miamisburg-in-the-great-flood-of-1913/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The Miami Conservancy District says it organized on June 28, 1915, more than a year after the law passed, because opposition to the law delayed it.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Miami Conservancy District organized on June 28, 1915",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
     "title": "The Conservancy Act",
     "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-conservancy-act",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "29-57 Miamisburg in the Great Flood of 1913",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/29-57-miamisburg-in-the-great-flood-of-1913/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Miami Conservancy District says more than 360 people lost their lives in the Miami Valley in the March 1913 flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In the Miami Valley, more than 360 people lost their lives.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
     "title": "Great Flood of 1913",
     "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-great-flood-of-1913",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The Ohio Emergency Management Agency's hazard assessment lists the 1913 Easter Flood in south and southwest Ohio with 467 casualties.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Easter Flood",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says the Cleveland Clinic disaster of May 15, 1929 cost the lives of 123 people, and that 92 were injured.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "80 visitors and patients and 43 employees of the clinic died",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Cleveland Clinic Disaster",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-clinic-disaster",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Cleveland State University, Center for Public History and Digital Humanities (Cleveland Historical)",
     "title": "The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929, by Brad Clifton",
     "url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says the fire began in the clinic's main building, where it is believed nitro-cellulose x-ray film released smoke and poisonous gases, and that on the national level the clinic fire resulted in the development of new standards for storage and labeling of hazardous materials, especially nitro-cellulose film.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the clinic fire resulted in the development of new standards for storage and labeling",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Cleveland Clinic Disaster",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-clinic-disaster",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Cleveland State University, Center for Public History and Digital Humanities (Cleveland Historical)",
     "title": "The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929, by Brad Clifton",
     "url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Cleveland State University's Cleveland Historical says several of the investigating commissions made amendments to policy that would profoundly alter fire-fighting practices, hospital procedures and the methodology behind the proper use and storage of hazardous chemicals and materials.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "made amendments to policy that would profoundly alter fire-fighting practices, hospital procedures",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Cleveland State University, Center for Public History and Digital Humanities (Cleveland Historical)",
     "title": "The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929, by Brad Clifton",
     "url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "Cleveland Clinic Disaster",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-clinic-disaster",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The Ohio History Connection says a fire broke out in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus on April 21, 1930 that would claim the lives of 322 inmates, and that another 130 were seriously injured.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "would claim the lives of 322 inmates",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Memory), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "The Ohio Penitentiary Fire, posted October 21, 2022",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5786",
     "published": "2022-10-21"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio History Central), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Ohio Penitentiary Fire",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Penitentiary_Fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
     "title": "The Ohio Prison Fire (All Sides with Ann Fisher, December 5, 2019)",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/show/all-sides-with-ann-fisher/2019-12-05/the-ohio-prison-fire",
     "published": "2019-12-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The Ohio History Connection says the source of the fire was a candle that ignited oily rags left on the roof of the penitentiary's West Block, and that by 1930 the prison held twice as many inmates as its original capacity.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a candle that was ignited on some oily rags",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Memory), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "The Ohio Penitentiary Fire, posted October 21, 2022",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5786",
     "published": "2022-10-21"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio History Central), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Ohio Penitentiary Fire",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Penitentiary_Fire",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Ohio History Connection says that in the aftermath the state legislature created measures to address overcrowding and that the General Assembly established the Ohio Parole Board in 1931.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The General Assembly established the Ohio Parole Board in 1931",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio History Central), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "Ohio Penitentiary Fire",
     "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Penitentiary_Fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Memory), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "The Ohio Penitentiary Fire, posted October 21, 2022",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5786",
     "published": "2022-10-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Grdina Park in Cleveland says that on October 20, 1944 an above-ground tank of liquefied natural gas began to leak vapor that reached nearby sewer lines and ignited, with 79 homes and two factories destroyed, nearly 700 people left homeless, 131 killed and 225 injured.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "131 killed, and 225 injured",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "86-18 Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/86-18-cleveland-east-ohio-gas-explosion/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion and Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co-explosion-and-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The marker says the disaster led to a movement by public utilities and communities across America to store natural gas below ground without tanks.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "to store natural gas below ground without tanks",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "86-18 Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/86-18-cleveland-east-ohio-gas-explosion/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion and Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co-explosion-and-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History says the fire and the analysis of its cause led to new and safer methods for the low-temperature storage of natural gas.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "led to new and safer methods for the low-temperature storage of natural gas",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
     "title": "East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion and Fire",
     "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co-explosion-and-fire",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "86-18 Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/86-18-cleveland-east-ohio-gas-explosion/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Fitchville in Huron County says the Golden Age Nursing Home, one mile north of Fitchville, caught fire and burned to the ground at 4:45 in the morning on November 23, 1963, killing 63 of 84 patients.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "killing 63 of 84 patients",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "2-39 Golden Age Nursing Home Fire / Killed in the Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/2-39-golden-age-nursing-home-fire-killed-in-the-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The same marker says the fire was ignited by the arcing of overloaded wiring.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ignited by the arcing of overloaded wiring",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "2-39 Golden Age Nursing Home Fire / Killed in the Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/2-39-golden-age-nursing-home-fire-killed-in-the-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The marker says the incident called for action to require sprinklers, automatic fire detection systems, and electrical wiring compliance to building codes in all nursing homes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "called for action to require sprinklers, automatic fire detection systems, and electrical wiring compliance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "2-39 Golden Age Nursing Home Fire / Killed in the Fire",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/2-39-golden-age-nursing-home-fire-killed-in-the-fire/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Kanauga says that on December 15, 1967 forty-six interstate travelers lost their lives when the Silver Bridge, which carried U.S. Route 35 between Point Pleasant, West Virginia and Kanauga, Ohio, collapsed into the Ohio River.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Forty-six interstate travelers lost their lives",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "8-27 The Silver Bridge Disaster / Silver Bridge Memorial",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/8-27-the-silver-bridge-disaster-silver-bridge-memorial/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers",
     "title": "Silver Bridge Collapse and Creation of National Bridge Inspections Standards (historic landmark citation)",
     "url": "https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/silver-bridge-collapse-and-creation-of-national-bridge-inspections-standards",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The American Society of Civil Engineers says the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 initiated the first national bridge safety inspection program in the United States as a direct result of the collapse of the Silver Bridge.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "as a direct result of the collapse of the Silver Bridge",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers",
     "title": "Silver Bridge Collapse and Creation of National Bridge Inspections Standards (historic landmark citation)",
     "url": "https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/silver-bridge-collapse-and-creation-of-national-bridge-inspections-standards",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation",
     "title": "National Bridge Inspection Standards",
     "url": "https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The Federal Highway Administration says Congress originally required the Secretary of Transportation to establish the National Bridge Inspection Standards in 1968 and that the original standards were published in 1971.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The original NBIS was published in 1971",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation",
     "title": "National Bridge Inspection Standards",
     "url": "https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers",
     "title": "Silver Bridge Collapse and Creation of National Bridge Inspections Standards (historic landmark citation)",
     "url": "https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/silver-bridge-collapse-and-creation-of-national-bridge-inspections-standards",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at the Greene County Historical Society says a tornado touched down at 4:40 in the afternoon on April 3, 1974 and destroyed a large portion of the City of Xenia, and that a total of 34 lives were lost.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "A total of 34 lives were lost",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
     "title": "10-29 Galloway Log House / Xenia Tornado-April 3, 1974",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/10-29-galloway-log-house-xenia-tornado-april-3-1974/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
     "title": "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19740403",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The National Weather Service says 148 tornadoes were documented in the April 3 to 4, 1974 Super Outbreak across 13 states, that they caused 335 deaths and more than 6000 injuries, and that the Xenia tornado was the deadliest of them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "148 tornadoes were documented from this event",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
     "title": "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19740403",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "Ohio law tells a school to instruct pupils in the safety precautions to be taken in case of a tornado alert or warning and to designate places to shelter them, in accordance with standards the state fire marshal prescribes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "instruct pupils in safety precautions to be taken in case of a tornado alert",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Section 3737.73, Prohibition against failure to instruct pupils in fire drills and tornado safety precautions",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3737.73",
     "published": "2021-03-24"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The same Ohio law says that nothing in the section requires a school or institution to construct or improve a facility or location for use as a shelter area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "require a school or institution to construct or improve a facility",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Section 3737.73, Prohibition against failure to instruct pupils in fire drills and tornado safety precautions",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3737.73",
     "published": "2021-03-24"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The National Weather Service says the death toll from the blizzard of January 26 and 27, 1978 rose to over 70 across the region, including 5 in Kentucky, 11 in Indiana and 51 in Ohio.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "This included 5 in Kentucky, 11 in Indiana, and 51 in Ohio.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
     "title": "The Great Blizzard of 1978",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19780126",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The National Weather Service says snowdrifts of 15 to 25 feet reached the rooftops of houses and businesses and caused many roof collapses, and that two of the Ohio deaths were in buildings that collapsed under the weight of heavy snow.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Two others died in buildings that collapsed under the weight of heavy snow.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
     "title": "The Great Blizzard of 1978",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19780126",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio tells a builder to put smoke alarms in each sleeping room, outside each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the sleeping rooms, and on each additional story including basements and habitable attics.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Smoke alarms shall be installed in the following locations",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio), rule page and supplemental information",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Ohio's own amendment to the smoke alarm rule requires that on each level within each dwelling unit, smoke alarms using photoelectric and ionization technologies be installed, as separate alarms or dual-sensing ones.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "utilizing photoelectric and ionization technologies shall be installed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio: Interpretations, No. 1-2025, Chapter 3, Section 314 Smoke Alarms",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/DICO/BBS/RCAC/dico_BBS_RCO_Interpretation_Smoke_Alarm_Tehcnology_Final.pdf",
     "published": "2025-05"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "Commentary, RCO Chapter 1 - Administration",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/RCOChapter_1_Commentary.pdf",
     "published": "2019-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio requires carbon monoxide alarms in a new dwelling unit that contains a fuel-fired appliance or has an attached garage, and in an existing one with either where an application for approval is required for work on a sleeping room, on the space just outside one, on an attached garage or on a fuel-fired appliance.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The dwelling unit contains a fuel-fired appliance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "BBS MEMO: RCO Section 315 (carbon monoxide alarms)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/dico_378.pdf",
     "published": "2013-05-17"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Carbon monoxide alarms are placed outside each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms, and inside a bedroom where a fuel-burning appliance is in that bedroom or its attached bathroom.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Every sleeping room in an Ohio house must have at least one operable emergency escape and rescue opening, with a net clear opening of not less than 5.7 square feet, a net clear height of not less than 24 inches and a net clear width of not less than 20 inches.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "have a net clear opening of not less than 5.7 square feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Where a garage is attached, the Residential Code of Ohio requires not less than half-inch gypsum board or equivalent on the garage side of the separation from the residence and attics, and not less than five-eighths-inch Type X gypsum board from habitable rooms above the garage.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Not less than 1/2 -inch gypsum board or equivalent applied to the",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The code does not permit an opening from a private garage directly into a room used for sleeping, and other doors between the garage and the residence must be solid wood or solid or honeycomb-core steel at least one and three-eighths inches thick, or 20-minute fire-rated.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "room used for sleeping purposes shall not be permitted",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio says an automatic residential fire sprinkler system is not required to be installed in one-, two-, or three-family dwellings, and not required in buildings with four or more dwelling units or other Group R occupancies permitted to use the code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "is not required to be installed in one-, two-, or three-family dwellings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "Commentary, RCO Chapter 1 - Administration",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/RCOChapter_1_Commentary.pdf",
     "published": "2019-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Construction Advisory Committee",
     "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/board-of-building-standards/residential-construction-advisory-committee",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio says a deck attached to an exterior wall must be positively anchored to the primary structure for both vertical and lateral loads, and that the attachment must not be accomplished by toenails or nails subject to withdrawal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "accomplished by the use of toenails or nails subject to withdrawal",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-5-01 rule text, Chapter 5 Floors, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-5-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The International Code Council says data collected for deck failures since 2001 show that one of the primary reasons for deck collapses is the failure of nail-only connections between the deck and the primary structure, and that the model residential code did not prescriptively specify how the ledger should be fastened until its 2009 edition.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "one of the primary reasons for deck collapses is the failure of nail-only connections",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, Building Safety Journal",
     "title": "Is your deck safely connected to your house?",
     "url": "https://www.iccsafe.org/building-safety-journal/bsj-technical/is-your-deck-safely-connected-to-your-house/",
     "published": "2020-07-13"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The building planning chapter of the Residential Code of Ohio, which holds all of these house rules, carries prior effective dates of May 27, 2006, January 1, 2013, July 1, 2014 and January 1, 2016, and the version read for this sheet took effect July 1, 2019.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio), rule page and supplemental information",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The Ohio Board of Building Standards says the carbon monoxide alarm section of the Residential Code of Ohio was included in the rules effective January 1, 2013, and that there had previously been no requirement for carbon monoxide alarms in the code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There had previously been no requirements for carbon monoxide (CO) alarms",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "BBS MEMO: RCO Section 315 (carbon monoxide alarms)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/dico_378.pdf",
     "published": "2013-05-17"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "The Board of Building Standards says the smoke alarm requirement for both technologies was originally adopted by the Board on January 1, 2016, that alarms listed to the eighth edition or later of UL 217 may be installed in place of the specified photoelectric or ionization devices, and that the code will be modified to remove that section in the next code update.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "was originally adopted by the Board on January 1, 2016",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio: Interpretations, No. 1-2025, Chapter 3, Section 314 Smoke Alarms",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/DICO/BBS/RCAC/dico_BBS_RCO_Interpretation_Smoke_Alarm_Tehcnology_Final.pdf",
     "published": "2025-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The Ohio Attorney General's 1943 opinion quotes the act that regulated the construction, alteration and repair of buildings and structures and established a board of building standards, and says that act was enacted in 1923 and did not apply to single and two-family dwelling houses.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall not apply to single and two-family dwelling houses",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Attorney General",
     "title": "Opinion No. 6058, May 7, 1943, to the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations",
     "url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/getattachment/fb2a43c8-f5ed-4466-a81e-8162af693d06/1943-6058.aspx",
     "published": "1943-05-07"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C5",
   "a": "a fire of unknown origin started in the basement of the school",
   "a_source": "S2 (Ohio Historical Marker 51-18)",
   "b": "an overheated steam pipe came in contact with wooden joists under the front stairs (S7, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History); the school went up in flames when a furnace overheated (S5, Smithsonian)",
   "b_source": "S7 and S5",
   "printed": "print the date and the school, which all three publishers agree on; print a cause only as one publisher's words, or print none. Found by the verifier 2026-09-06: the sheet had this claim as verified on the marker plus the Encyclopedia, which do not agree on the origin."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C6",
   "a": "172 children, 2 teachers and 1 rescuer (175 in all)",
   "a_source": "S2 (Ohio Historical Marker 51-18), agreed by S5 (Smithsonian)",
   "b": "172 children and 2 teachers, with no rescuer counted",
   "b_source": "S7 (Encyclopedia of Cleveland History)",
   "printed": "print A because two publishers give the three figures and the third is silent on the rescuer rather than contradicting it; say in the sentence that the marker's count includes a rescuer."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C6",
   "a": "172 dead at Collinwood",
   "a_source": "S27, the narrative text of the Ohio Emergency Management Agency's hazard assessment",
   "b": "17 dead at Collinwood",
   "b_source": "S27, the historical disaster table in the SAME document",
   "printed": "print neither figure from this document, and never let it stand alone for a count anywhere on the page. Its column is headed Casualties and the document's own sentence defines casualties as injuries and fatalities, and the table prints 17 where the same document's narrative prints 172. Where its number matches a marker, a federal weather office or a university encyclopedia (467, 123, 322, 130, 51) it is recorded as agreement only, and the other publisher supplies the definition."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C21",
   "a": "322 inmates",
   "a_source": "S26 and S18 (Ohio History Connection), agreed by S27 (Ohio Emergency Management Agency table)",
   "b": "320 men",
   "b_source": "S28 (WOSU Public Media)",
   "printed": "print A with the Ohio History Connection named, and say in the same sentence that WOSU gives 320."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C24",
   "a": "131 killed and 225 injured",
   "a_source": "S20 (Ohio Historical Marker 86-18)",
   "b": "the death toll reached 130",
   "b_source": "S9 (Encyclopedia of Cleveland History), agreed by S27 (Ohio Emergency Management Agency table)",
   "printed": "print both, each attributed: the marker's 131 and the encyclopedia's 130. Two publishers give 130 and one gives 131, and the page should not silently pick."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C33",
   "a": "34 lives lost at Xenia",
   "a_source": "S21 (Ohio Historical Marker 10-29), agreed by S6 (National Weather Service)",
   "b": "30",
   "b_source": "S27 (Ohio Emergency Management Agency table)",
   "printed": "print A because a marker and a federal weather office agree and the state table is the same table that prints 17 for Collinwood."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C27",
   "a": "63 of 84 patients, at Fitchville in Huron County, November 23, 1963",
   "a_source": "S15 (Ohio Historical Marker 2-39)",
   "b": "a 1963 nursing home fire at Marietta with 95 casualties",
   "b_source": "S27 (Ohio Emergency Management Agency table)",
   "printed": "print A with the marker named. The state table's row disagrees on the place as well as the number, so it is not a corroboration and is not treated as one; do not assert what the state table meant."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "51-18 Collinwood School Fire",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/51-18-collinwood-school-fire/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio), rule page and supplemental information",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule text, Chapter 3 Building Planning, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History",
   "title": "The Collinwood School disaster influenced fire safety protocols",
   "url": "https://americanhistory.si.edu/explore/stories/collinwood-school-disaster-influenced-fire-safety-protocols",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
   "title": "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974",
   "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19740403",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
   "title": "Collinwood School Fire",
   "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/collinwood-school-fire",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
   "title": "Cleveland Clinic Disaster",
   "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/c/cleveland-clinic-disaster",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Case Western Reserve University, Encyclopedia of Cleveland History",
   "title": "East Ohio Gas Co. Explosion and Fire",
   "url": "https://case.edu/ech/articles/e/east-ohio-gas-co-explosion-and-fire",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Division of State Fire Marshal",
   "title": "About State Fire Marshal",
   "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/state-fire-marshal/about-state-fire-marshal",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Cleveland State University, Center for Public History and Digital Humanities (Cleveland Historical)",
   "title": "The Cleveland Clinic X-Ray Fire of 1929, by Brad Clifton",
   "url": "https://clevelandhistorical.org/items/show/573",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
   "title": "The Conservancy Act",
   "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-conservancy-act",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Miami Conservancy District",
   "title": "Great Flood of 1913",
   "url": "https://www.mcdwater.org/about-mcd/history-the-great-flood-of-1913",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "2-39 Golden Age Nursing Home Fire / Killed in the Fire",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/2-39-golden-age-nursing-home-fire-killed-in-the-fire/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "American Society of Civil Engineers",
   "title": "Silver Bridge Collapse and Creation of National Bridge Inspections Standards (historic landmark citation)",
   "url": "https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/silver-bridge-collapse-and-creation-of-national-bridge-inspections-standards",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Commerce, Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Construction Advisory Committee",
   "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/board-of-building-standards/residential-construction-advisory-committee",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio History Central), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "Ohio Penitentiary Fire",
   "url": "http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Ohio_Penitentiary_Fire",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Ohio Attorney General",
   "title": "Opinion No. 6058, May 7, 1943, to the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations",
   "url": "https://www.ohioattorneygeneral.gov/getattachment/fb2a43c8-f5ed-4466-a81e-8162af693d06/1943-6058.aspx",
   "published": "1943-05-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "86-18 Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/86-18-cleveland-east-ohio-gas-explosion/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "10-29 Galloway Log House / Xenia Tornado-April 3, 1974",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/10-29-galloway-log-house-xenia-tornado-april-3-1974/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "8-27 The Silver Bridge Disaster / Silver Bridge Memorial",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/8-27-the-silver-bridge-disaster-silver-bridge-memorial/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "29-57 Miamisburg in the Great Flood of 1913",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/29-57-miamisburg-in-the-great-flood-of-1913/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office (NOAA)",
   "title": "The Great Blizzard of 1978",
   "url": "https://www.weather.gov/iln/19780126",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Memory), via the Internet Archive",
   "title": "The Ohio Penitentiary Fire, posted October 21, 2022",
   "url": "https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5786",
   "published": "2022-10-21"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (HIRA), Appendix H to the 2019 State Hazard Mitigation Plan",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2019_sohmp-AppendixH_HIRA_FINAL.pdf",
   "published": "2018"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media",
   "title": "The Ohio Prison Fire (All Sides with Ann Fisher, December 5, 2019)",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/show/all-sides-with-ann-fisher/2019-12-05/the-ohio-prison-fire",
   "published": "2019-12-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-5-01 rule text, Chapter 5 Floors, Residential Code of Ohio, effective 7/1/2019",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-5-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, Building Safety Journal",
   "title": "Is your deck safely connected to your house?",
   "url": "https://www.iccsafe.org/building-safety-journal/bsj-technical/is-your-deck-safely-connected-to-your-house/",
   "published": "2020-07-13"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "East Central Ohio Building Authority",
   "title": "Ohio Building Code",
   "url": "https://www.ecohba.com/ohio-building-code",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation",
   "title": "National Bridge Inspection Standards",
   "url": "https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbis.cfm",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Section 3737.73, Prohibition against failure to instruct pupils in fire drills and tornado safety precautions",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3737.73",
   "published": "2021-03-24"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Section 3781.104, Smoke detector systems or sprinkler system for apartment buildings and condominiums",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.104",
   "published": "1981-11-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "BBS MEMO: RCO Section 315 (carbon monoxide alarms)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/dico_378.pdf",
   "published": "2013-05-17"
  },
  {
   "id": "S36",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio: Interpretations, No. 1-2025, Chapter 3, Section 314 Smoke Alarms",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/DICO/BBS/RCAC/dico_BBS_RCO_Interpretation_Smoke_Alarm_Tehcnology_Final.pdf",
   "published": "2025-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S37",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "Commentary, RCO Chapter 1 - Administration",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/RCOChapter_1_Commentary.pdf",
   "published": "2019-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S38",
   "publisher": "Ohio Revised Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Section 3781.01, Municipal corporation may make additional regulations",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.01",
   "published": "2005-05-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "S39",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "About BBS",
   "url": "https://com.ohio.gov/divisions-and-programs/industrial-compliance/boards/board-of-building-standards/about-bbs",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}