{
 "page": "sewer-lateral-and-house-drains-central-ohio.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/sewer-lateral-and-house-drains-central-ohio.html",
 "title": "The sewer lateral and the drains under a Central Ohio house",
 "record": "ohio-plumbing-water-sewer-wave-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Ohio Revised Code section 3781.03 gives the city engineer's department, the boards of health of health districts, or the sewer purveyor complete authority to supervise and regulate the whole sewerage and drainage system in their jurisdiction, including the building sewer and every lateral draining into a street sewer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "including the building sewer and all laterals draining into the street sewers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Legislative Service Commission (Ohio Revised Code)",
     "title": "Section 3781.03 | Enforcement - supervision - records",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.03",
     "published": "effective September 10, 2012"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says homeowners are responsible for maintaining their lateral pipes while the City keeps the City-owned portion of the system in good working condition.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Homeowners are responsible for maintaining their lateral pipes",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "No City of Columbus document read for this page says where the homeowner's part of the lateral ends and the City-owned part begins.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the City is responsible for keeping the City-owned portion of the system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power",
     "title": "Sewer FAQs",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Columbus-Water-Power-FAQs/Sewer-FAQS",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus construction specification defines a sanitary house connection service as running from the wye fitting on the main line lateral sanitary sewer to the building drain adapter, which is the full run of what most people call the lateral.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "from the Wye fitting on the main line lateral sanitary sewer to the",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Division of Design and Construction",
     "title": "Construction and Material Specifications, online version January 1st, 2023",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/materials/cmsc-online-version-january-2023-01122023.pdf",
     "published": "January 1, 2023"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
     "title": "Rules and Regulations",
     "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "Ohio cities draw the line in different places: Youngstown's ordinance makes the owner responsible for the building sewer all the way to the sewer main, including any part of it lying in the public right of way.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "including any portion of the building sewer which may lie within",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Youngstown, Ohio (Codified Ordinances)",
     "title": "Section 931.04, Building sewers and connections construction, maintenance and repair",
     "url": "https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/youngstown/latest/youngstown_oh/0-0-0-16452",
     "published": "Ord. 04-293, passed November 17, 2004; code current through 2025-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Hamilton, Ohio splits it the other way: the owner operates and maintains the lateral service line from the premises to the City right-of-way or easement, and the City may then repair or replace the part inside the right-of-way at its own discretion.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to the City right-of-way or easement occupied by the public sanitary sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Hamilton, Ohio (Codified Ordinances)",
     "title": "Section 931.031, Responsibility for maintenance and repair of sanitary sewer lateral service lines",
     "url": "https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/hamilton/latest/hamilton_oh/0-0-0-17303",
     "published": "Ord. 2016-12-104, passed December 14, 2016; code current through 2025-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Akron says homeowners are responsible for sewer lateral structural repairs from the home to the right-of-way or easement line, and the City is responsible from that line to the sewer main.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "responsible for sewer lateral structural repairs from the home to the Right-of-Way",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Akron, Ohio, Water Reclamation Services",
     "title": "Sewer Maintenance Division",
     "url": "https://www.akronohio.gov/departments/service/water_reclamation_services/sewer_maintenance_division/index.php",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "In the Delaware County Regional Sewer District the service line is owned by the lot or parcel owner, starting at the branch joint of the wye on the district's main, and the owner is responsible for its operation and maintenance and for every blockage in it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The owner is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the service line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
     "title": "Rules and Regulations",
     "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "After the City of Columbus lines a lateral under Blueprint Columbus, the homeowner remains responsible for maintaining it, and the City says a newly lined lateral has a life expectancy of fifty years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the homeowner remains responsible for its maintenance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says lateral pipes are typically four to six inches in diameter and run underground from the home's plumbing to the City's sanitary sewer.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Lateral pipes are typically 4 to 6 inches in diameter",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says that in older homes the lateral is usually made of clay pipe, which over time cracks or fills with tree roots.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the lateral is usually made of clay pipe which is subject to problems",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "FAQ / Resources",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/faq/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "Clay is not only an old material in Columbus: the City's own specification still lists extra strength vitrified clay pipe, alongside PVC and ductile iron, as an accepted material for a new sanitary house connection service.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Extra strength vitrified clay pipe",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Division of Design and Construction",
     "title": "Construction and Material Specifications, online version January 1st, 2023",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/materials/cmsc-online-version-january-2023-01122023.pdf",
     "published": "January 1, 2023"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Before the Second World War clay sewer pipe was usually joined with oakum and cement mortar, a rigid joint not resistant to earth movement; the industry then moved to hot-poured compounds and finally to factory-applied compression joints, with ASTM C425 adopted in 1958.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1958 the adoption of ASTM C425",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Clay Pipe Institute / American Society of Civil Engineers",
     "title": "Jack Evans and Marlene N. Spence, The Evolution of Jointing Vitrified Clay Pipe, in Advances in Underground Pipeline Engineering, ASCE Pipeline Division, Madison, Wisconsin",
     "url": "https://ncpi.org/assets/The-Evolution-of-Jointing-ASCE-Paper.pdf",
     "published": "1985"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Orangeburg is the brand name of a pipe made by the Orangeburg Manufacturing Company of Orangeburg, New York; its generic name is bituminous fiber pipe, and it is made of cellulose and asbestos fibers impregnated with a coal-tar compound.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "cellulose and asbestos fibers impregnated with a bituminous (coal tar) compound",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The only government document found that addresses the question says plainly that there are no specific records fixing the exact time span when bituminous fiber pipe was used, and offers the early 1950s to the early 1970s only as a reasonable assumption for its own city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There are no specific records that can be used to fix the exact",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "Ann Arbor's building department says bituminous fiber pipe deteriorates and flattens under earth pressure, losing the circular shape it needs at the bottom, and that its inspectors have seen pipe still round on the outside while failing and out of round inside.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "it flattens due to the earth pressure around it and loses its circular",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "In most Ann Arbor houses the bituminized fiber pipe probably ran from about five feet outside the foundation wall to the city main, and some other material was usually used beneath the basement slab.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "from a point about 5 feet outside of the foundation wall",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute counts roughly one and a half billion no-hub couplings installed in North America since 1961, and the older joint they replaced, oakum packed tight and molten lead poured in one operation, is still specified in the current Ohio Plumbing Code.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Roughly 1 1/2 billion No-Hub couplings installed since 1961 in North America",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute",
     "title": "Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings Handbook",
     "url": "https://www.cispi.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CISPAF_Handbook.pdf",
     "published": "undated edition posted February 2026"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Ann Arbor's building department dates the switch to plastic drain piping to the early 1970s, when it says plastic piping materials began to be more commonly used.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "when plastic piping materials began to be more commonly used",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code lists galvanized steel pipe among the materials allowed for above-ground drainage and vent piping but not among the materials allowed for underground building drainage.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Galvanized steel pipe| ASTM A53",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Ohio deletes the model plumbing code's building sewer pipe section and its building sewer pipe materials table outright, so the state plumbing code does not say what the pipe from the house to the main may be made of.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "702.3 Building sewer pipe. Deleted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "Tree roots enter a sewer lateral at the joints, and both the City of Columbus and the City of Ann Arbor describe root intrusion as a leading cause of failure in older pipe.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Tree roots may invade the pipes, usually at the joints",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
     "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
     "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "In Columbus a lateral is usually inspected with a remote camera driven in from inside the city's sewer main, and only when roots or another obstruction block the camera does a crew work through a cleanout in the basement instead.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a remote camera can access your lateral from inside the city's sewer main",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code requires a recorded video camera survey of a building drain before and after it is replaced by pipe-bursting, and the survey made beforehand must note where the cleanouts are and how deep the connections lie.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "inspected internally by a recorded video camera survey",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Access is the practical constraint: the City of Columbus specification puts cleanouts no more than a hundred feet apart on its own sewer work, and the plumbing code requires a cleanout at the junction of the building drain and the building sewer or within ten feet of it.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Provide clean-out spacing no greater than 100 feet.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Division of Design and Construction",
     "title": "Construction and Material Specifications, online version January 1st, 2023",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/materials/cmsc-online-version-january-2023-01122023.pdf",
     "published": "January 1, 2023"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says that in homes built before the 1960s the foundation drain connects directly to the sanitary sewer, and that sump pumps have been a standard requirement in new homes since the mid-1960s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the foundation drain connects directly to the sanitary sewer",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "A foundation drain is a perforated pipe laid around the perimeter of the basement or foundation to collect ground and surface water.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a perforated pipe around the perimeter of the basement, collects groundwater",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
     "title": "Rules and Regulations",
     "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The Environmental Protection Agency separates inflow, which is water that enters a sewer from sources such as roof leaders and cellar or foundation drains, from infiltration, which is water that enters from the ground through defective pipes, joints, connections or manholes.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "enters a sewer system from sources such as roof leaders, cellar/foundation drains",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1",
     "title": "Guide for Estimating Infiltration and Inflow",
     "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/region1/sso/pdfs/Guide4EstimatingInfiltrationInflow.pdf",
     "published": "June 2014"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
     "title": "Rules and Regulations",
     "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Delaware County Regional Sewer District prohibits discharging into the building sanitary sewer the surface water that collects in a basement or foundation excavation, or in foundation or footer drains, and separately bars any storm water, groundwater, sump pump discharge or roof runoff from the sanitary system.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the surface water which collects in basement or foundation excavations, or foundation or",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
     "title": "Rules and Regulations",
     "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
     "published": "2018"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus explains the mechanism plainly: cracks and leaks in lateral pipes let rain water into sanitary sewers that were never meant to hold it, the pipes fill beyond their capacity, and the result is sewage overflowing into rivers or backing up into basements.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The system was not meant to hold rain water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
     "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
     "title": "FAQ / Resources",
     "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/faq/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio contains no plumbing chapters of its own: its Section 2501.1 hands the plumbing in a one-, two- or three-family dwelling to the Ohio Plumbing Code, with only two rules changed.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "provisions of the \"Ohio Plumbing Code\" as referenced in Chapter 44 shall be incorporated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Building and Zoning Services",
     "title": "Getting Started: Commercial & Residential Codes",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Contractor-Information/Getting-Started-Commercial-Residential-Codes",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code is the International Plumbing Code, 2021 edition, chapters 2 through 15, incorporated by reference and then amended by Ohio rule.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the International Plumbing Code, 2021 edition, Chapters 2 through 15",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-1-01, Administration (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-1-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Building and Zoning Services",
     "title": "Getting Started: Commercial & Residential Codes",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Contractor-Information/Getting-Started-Commercial-Residential-Codes",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "In the plumbing code's fixture table a bathtub and a shower whose showerheads and body sprays together deliver 5.7 gallons a minute or less each count as two drainage fixture units and each need a trap no smaller than one and a half inches.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "5.7 gpm or less| 2| 1 1 / 2",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Town of Ithaca, New York",
     "title": "Fixture count handout reprinting TABLE 709.1, Sanitary Drainage, 2015 International Plumbing Code",
     "url": "https://townithacany.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fixture-count.pdf",
     "published": "undated, posted December 2021"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The same table steps the shower up as the flow rate rises: above 5.7 and up to 12.3 gallons a minute the trap becomes two inches and the load three fixture units, and higher bands reach three and four inches.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Greater than 5.7 gpm to 12.3 gpm| 3| 2",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Town of Ithaca, New York",
     "title": "Fixture count handout reprinting TABLE 709.1, Sanitary Drainage, 2015 International Plumbing Code",
     "url": "https://townithacany.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fixture-count.pdf",
     "published": "undated, posted December 2021"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "A footnote to the same table says a showerhead over a bathtub does not increase the drainage fixture unit value, so adding a shower to an existing tub adds nothing to the load the drain must carry.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "does not increase the drainage fixture unit value",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Town of Ithaca, New York",
     "title": "Fixture count handout reprinting TABLE 709.1, Sanitary Drainage, 2015 International Plumbing Code",
     "url": "https://townithacany.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fixture-count.pdf",
     "published": "undated, posted December 2021"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The plumbing code sets the shower waste outlet at not less than one and a half inches in diameter, and requires a removable strainer of not less than three inches across everywhere except a bathtub outlet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Waste outlets serving showers shall be not less than 1 1/2 inches in diameter",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4 Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4 Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
     "published": "2017 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Every plumbing fixture must be separately trapped by a liquid-seal trap and must not be double trapped, and the trap must hold a water seal of not less than two inches and not more than four.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Each plumbing fixture is to be separately trapped by a liquid-seal trap",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-10-01, Traps, interceptors and separators (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-10-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The plumbing code prohibits several trap types found in old bathrooms, naming S traps, drum traps, bell traps, crown-vented traps and any trap that depends on moving parts to hold its seal.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "\"S\" traps. Drum traps.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 10 Traps, Interceptors and Separators",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/10/traps-interceptors-and-separators",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Every trap must be vented, and the code caps how far a trap may sit from its vent: six feet for a one and a half inch trap at a quarter inch per foot of slope, and eight feet for a two inch trap.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Each fixture trap shall have a protecting vent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 9 Vents",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/9/vents",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "A wet vent lets one pipe serve as both drain and vent for a bathroom group: the code permits any combination of fixtures within two bathroom groups on the same floor level to be vented by a horizontal wet vent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "vented by a horizontal wet vent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 9 Vents",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/9/vents",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "One of the only two plumbing rules the Residential Code of Ohio writes in its own words is the shower liner: it must turn up on all sides at least two inches above the finished threshold, must not be nailed or perforated within an inch of it, and must be pitched a quarter unit in twelve toward the drain.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall turn up on all sides at least 2 inches above the finished",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Ohio does not require a backwater valve as a matter of course: one is required only where the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency or the local sewer purveyor calls for it, and then only for fixtures on a floor lower than the manhole cover of the next upstream manhole in the public sewer, while fixtures above that elevation must not discharge through one.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a backwater valve is to be installed only for plumbing fixtures installed on",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "A basement fixture that cannot drain to the sewer by gravity must discharge into a tightly covered and vented sump and be lifted by automatic pumping equipment, and Ohio makes one deliberate exception for houses: only a check valve is required on the discharge piping, where a larger building would also need a full open valve.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "only a check valve is required, located on the discharge piping",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The plumbing code recognizes two trenchless categories by name: replacement by pipe-bursting, limited to gravity drainage piping six inches and smaller, and relining, limited to gravity drainage piping four inches and larger, with the replacement piping the same nominal size as the old.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The replacement piping shall be of the same nominal size as the existing",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "Ohio strikes the words for underground building sewers out of the pipe-bursting section and deletes the cured-in-place rehabilitation section for building sewers and service laterals altogether, so the state plumbing code's trenchless rules stop at the wall of the house.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "718.1 Cure-in-place. Deleted.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
     "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
     "published": "2024 edition"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C32",
   "a": "The Residential Code of Ohio's referenced-code table names the 2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, effective 11-1-2017, which is built on the 2015 International Plumbing Code.",
   "a_source": "S6",
   "b": "The Ohio Administrative Code chapters that same table cites, 4101:3-1 to 4101:3-15, now hold the 2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, built on the 2021 International Plumbing Code.",
   "b_source": "S7",
   "printed": "Print neither as a bare fact. The page may say that the residential code hands plumbing to the Ohio Plumbing Code, and that a reader should ask their building department which edition it applies, because the two editions number the same rules differently. Evidence on both sides: rule 4101:8-44-01 was itself amended effective April 15, 2024 and still names the 2017 publication; and the residential code's own modification text at 4101:8-25-01 quotes the shower lining rule as Section 417.5.2, its 2015 number, while the 2024 edition numbers it 421.5.2. Nothing found resolves it, so every code claim in this file was checked in both editions and only wording common to both is claimed."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C15",
   "a": "Bituminous fiber sewer pipe was made from about 1945 to 1972 (the range in general circulation, and the brief's premise).",
   "a_source": "no admissible source found",
   "b": "There are no specific records fixing the exact time span; the early 1950s to the early 1970s is a reasonable assumption for Ann Arbor, with reports of it as early as 1949.",
   "b_source": "S18",
   "printed": "Print B, attributed to the City of Ann Arbor, and say plainly that no record fixes the span. The 1945 date could not be sourced anywhere admissible."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (formerly the Department of Public Utilities)",
   "title": "Lateral Lining: Making Old Pipes As Good As New (Blueprint Columbus brochure)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/utilities/sustainability/blueprint/lateral-lining_brochure_fnl_ajg.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
   "title": "Sump Pump — The Four Pillars, and Lateral Lining — The Four Pillars",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/the-four-pillars/sump-pump/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power (Blueprint Columbus)",
   "title": "FAQ / Resources",
   "url": "https://blueprintneighborhoods.com/faq/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Ohio Legislative Service Commission (Ohio Revised Code)",
   "title": "Section 3781.03 | Enforcement - supervision - records",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-3781.03",
   "published": "effective September 10, 2012"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "effective July 1, 2019"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards (Residential Code of Ohio)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-44-01_eff_4_15_24.pdf",
   "published": "effective April 15, 2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-1-01, Administration (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-1-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-7-01, Sanitary drainage (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-7-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-10-01, Traps, interceptors and separators (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-10-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
   "published": "effective March 1, 2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-4-01, Fixtures, faucets and fixture fittings (Ohio Plumbing Code)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-4-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "effective October 15, 2025"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2024 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
   "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
   "published": "2024 edition"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
   "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4 Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
   "published": "2024 edition"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
   "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 9 Vents",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/9/vents",
   "published": "2024 edition"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2021 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
   "title": "2024 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 10 Traps, Interceptors and Separators",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/10/traps-interceptors-and-separators",
   "published": "2024 edition"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio (2017 Ohio Plumbing Code), read at up.codes",
   "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 7 Sanitary Drainage",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/7/sanitary-drainage",
   "published": "2017 edition, effective November 1, 2017"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, 2015 International Plumbing Code as adopted in Ohio, read at up.codes",
   "title": "2017 Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4 Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2015/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
   "published": "2017 edition"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Town of Ithaca, New York",
   "title": "Fixture count handout reprinting TABLE 709.1, Sanitary Drainage, 2015 International Plumbing Code",
   "url": "https://townithacany.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Fixture-count.pdf",
   "published": "undated, posted December 2021"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "City of Ann Arbor, Michigan, Planning & Development Services, Construction Services",
   "title": "\"Orangeburg\" Sewer Piping (Bituminous Fiber Pipe)",
   "url": "https://www.a2gov.org/media/42ilan0h/orangeburg_piping_information.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "National Clay Pipe Institute / American Society of Civil Engineers",
   "title": "Jack Evans and Marlene N. Spence, The Evolution of Jointing Vitrified Clay Pipe, in Advances in Underground Pipeline Engineering, ASCE Pipeline Division, Madison, Wisconsin",
   "url": "https://ncpi.org/assets/The-Evolution-of-Jointing-ASCE-Paper.pdf",
   "published": "1985"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Cast Iron Soil Pipe Institute",
   "title": "Cast Iron Soil Pipe and Fittings Handbook",
   "url": "https://www.cispi.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/CISPAF_Handbook.pdf",
   "published": "undated edition posted February 2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Delaware County Regional Sewer District (Ohio)",
   "title": "Rules and Regulations",
   "url": "https://regionalsewer.co.delaware.oh.us/wp-content/uploads/sites/19/2018/04/2018-DCRSD-Rules-and-Regulations.pdf",
   "published": "2018"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "City of Youngstown, Ohio (Codified Ordinances)",
   "title": "Section 931.04, Building sewers and connections construction, maintenance and repair",
   "url": "https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/youngstown/latest/youngstown_oh/0-0-0-16452",
   "published": "Ord. 04-293, passed November 17, 2004; code current through 2025-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "City of Hamilton, Ohio (Codified Ordinances)",
   "title": "Section 931.031, Responsibility for maintenance and repair of sanitary sewer lateral service lines",
   "url": "https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/hamilton/latest/hamilton_oh/0-0-0-17303",
   "published": "Ord. 2016-12-104, passed December 14, 2016; code current through 2025-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "City of Akron, Ohio, Water Reclamation Services",
   "title": "Sewer Maintenance Division",
   "url": "https://www.akronohio.gov/departments/service/water_reclamation_services/sewer_maintenance_division/index.php",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1",
   "title": "Guide for Estimating Infiltration and Inflow",
   "url": "https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/www3/region1/sso/pdfs/Guide4EstimatingInfiltrationInflow.pdf",
   "published": "June 2014"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Columbus Water & Power",
   "title": "Sewer FAQs",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/Columbus-Water-Power-FAQs/Sewer-FAQS",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus (Columbus City Code Chapter 1141, Private Sewers)",
   "title": "Chapter 1141 PRIVATE SEWERS",
   "url": "https://www.wefppvl.org/WEF-PPVL-library/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/PSSOPO_Columbus_OH_Chapter-1141-PRIVATE-SEWERS.pdf",
   "published": "copy dated August 7, 2009"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Building and Zoning Services",
   "title": "Getting Started: Commercial & Residential Codes",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Contractor-Information/Getting-Started-Commercial-Residential-Codes",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Division of Design and Construction",
   "title": "Construction and Material Specifications, online version January 1st, 2023",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/materials/cmsc-online-version-january-2023-01122023.pdf",
   "published": "January 1, 2023"
  }
 ]
}