{
 "page": "supply-pipes-in-central-ohio-houses-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/supply-pipes-in-central-ohio-houses-by-era.html",
 "title": "What the supply pipes are made of in Central Ohio houses, by era",
 "record": "ohio-plumbing-water-sewer-wave-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "A galvanized pipe is iron or steel pipe that has been dipped in zinc to slow corrosion and rust.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "made of iron or steel that has been dipped in zinc",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements Technical Fact Sheet: Service Line Inventory and Replacement Requirements",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_service-line-inventory.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
     "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "Michigan's environment agency says galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes built before 1970.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Galvanized piping was commonly installed in homes built before 1970.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
     "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "PHC Pros (Plumbing, Heating, Cooling trade publication)",
     "title": "A History of CPVC in Residential Plumbing, by Jonathan Simon",
     "url": "https://www.phcppros.com/articles/16082-a-history-of-cpvc-in-residential-plumbing",
     "published": "2022-09-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "Michigan's environment agency says galvanized pipe was used as an alternative to lead pipe for water service lines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Galvanized pipe was an alternative to lead pipe for water supply service lines.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
     "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "Michigan's environment agency says a magnet will stick to galvanized iron pipe.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A magnet will stick to galvanized iron pipes.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
     "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The trade publication PHC Pros writes that galvanized iron piping was still the dominant plumbing material in American homes in 1959, and that copper had largely displaced it by the 1980s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Copper piping had largely displaced galvanized iron",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "PHC Pros (Plumbing, Heating, Cooling trade publication)",
     "title": "A History of CPVC in Residential Plumbing, by Jonathan Simon",
     "url": "https://www.phcppros.com/articles/16082-a-history-of-cpvc-in-residential-plumbing",
     "published": "2022-09-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "HUD writes that lead pipes were used in homes until the early twentieth century and that many American homes are still served by lead pipes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Lead pipes were used in homes until the early 20th century",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD USER, PD&R Edge)",
     "title": "Water Piping in the Home",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/archives/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-091018.html",
     "published": "2018-09-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Lubrizol says the chlorination technology behind CPVC was patented in 1958, that the first field trials began in 1960 in an experimental home built by the National Association of Home Builders, and that commercial production started in 1962.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "PVC chlorination technology was patented in 1958",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Lubrizol (BlazeMaster)",
     "title": "History of BlazeMaster CPVC: From Invention in Our Labs to Growth Around the World",
     "url": "https://www.blazemaster.com/en-us/blog/history-of-cpvc-from-invention-in-our-labs-to-growth-around-the-world",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "HUD's design guide describes polybutylene as a thermoplastic used for supply water plumbing from about 1978 to 1995, and says it is no longer approved for water supply piping.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "used for supply water plumbing from about 1978 to 1995",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development / Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (prepared by NAHB Research Center)",
     "title": "Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/pex_design_guide.pdf",
     "published": "2006-11"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Polybutylene appears in neither the water service pipe table nor the water distribution pipe table of the Ohio Plumbing Code.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Galvanized steel pipe",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development / Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (prepared by NAHB Research Center)",
     "title": "Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/pex_design_guide.pdf",
     "published": "2006-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "A Tennessee appeals court records that Shell Oil Company and Hoechst Celanese Corporation took part in making and marketing a polybutylene plumbing system, that the Cox complaint was filed on June 13, 1995, and that the trial court's order of August 24, 1995 directed Cox Class members who wished to opt out of the settlement to file exclusion requests.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "participated in the manufacture and marketing of a polybutylene plumbing system",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Court of Appeals of Tennessee (via FindLaw)",
     "title": "Tina Cox, et al. v. Shell Oil Company, et al.",
     "url": "https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/tn-court-of-appeals/1048091.html",
     "published": "2005-10-31"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "HUD's design guide says PEX was first introduced in North America in 1984, and HUD writes that it was used first for radiant floor heating and only later for household water distribution.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It was first introduced in North America in 1984",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development / Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (prepared by NAHB Research Center)",
     "title": "Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/pex_design_guide.pdf",
     "published": "2006-11"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD USER, PD&R Edge)",
     "title": "Water Piping in the Home",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/archives/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-091018.html",
     "published": "2018-09-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "HUD reports survey figures from Home Innovation Research Labs putting PEX at ten percent of the single-family plumbing market in 1997, sixteen percent in 2002, and sixty-three percent in 2016.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "PEX has achieved a market share of 63 percent in single-family construction in 2016",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD USER, PD&R Edge)",
     "title": "Water Piping in the Home",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/archives/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-091018.html",
     "published": "2018-09-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "HUD's design guide says that when water-filled PEX freezes the elasticity of the material lets it expand without cracking or splitting and return to its original size on thawing, where the pipe has room to expand along its length.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the elasticity of the material allows it to expand without cracking or splitting",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development / Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (prepared by NAHB Research Center)",
     "title": "Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/pex_design_guide.pdf",
     "published": "2006-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "EPA records that the Safe Drinking Water Act has barred the use of pipe, solder or flux that is not lead free in the installation or repair of a public water system or of plumbing providing water for human consumption since June 19, 1986.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "any solder, or any flux, after June 19, 1986, in the installation or repair",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Lead-Free Definition Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (Jeffrey Kempic, Office of Water, stakeholder meeting)",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-08/documents/leadfreedefined.pdf",
     "published": "2012-08-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Use of Lead Free Pipes, Fittings, Fixtures, Solder and Flux for Drinking Water",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/use-lead-free-pipes-fittings-fixtures-solder-and-flux-drinking-water",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (United States Code)",
     "title": "42 U.S.C. 300g-6, Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux",
     "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:42+section:300g-6+edition:prelim)",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "EPA records that before January 4, 2014 the term lead free allowed solder and flux with up to 0.2 percent lead and pipes and pipe fittings with up to 8.0 percent lead.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0 percent lead",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Summary of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and Frequently Asked Questions",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/LeadReductionActFAQs.pdf",
     "published": "2013-12-19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "EPA records that the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act was enacted on January 4, 2011 with a prospective effective date of January 4, 2014.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Act established a prospective effective date of January 4, 2014",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Summary of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and Frequently Asked Questions",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/LeadReductionActFAQs.pdf",
     "published": "2013-12-19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Since January 4, 2014 lead free has meant no more than a weighted average of 0.25 percent lead across the wetted surfaces of pipes, fittings and fixtures, and the Ohio Plumbing Code carries the same figure.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "not more than a weighted average of 0.25 percent lead",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Summary of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and Frequently Asked Questions",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/LeadReductionActFAQs.pdf",
     "published": "2013-12-19"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code requires water supply piping joints to be made with lead-free solder and flux, and defines lead free there as a composition of 0.2 percent lead or less.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "equal to or less than 0.2-percent lead",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Summary of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and Frequently Asked Questions",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/LeadReductionActFAQs.pdf",
     "published": "2013-12-19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Ohio's own amendment to the plumbing code exempts a list of items from the lead content limits, and the list includes tub fillers and shower valves.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "tub fillers, shower valves, and service saddles",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says there is no detectable lead in the treated water leaving its water plants or in the source water those plants use.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There is no detectable lead in the treated water leaving Columbus water plants",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Understanding Lead and Drinking Water",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Understanding-Lead-and-Drinking-Water",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says homes built before 1989 may have copper pipe joined with lead solder.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Homes built before 1989 may have copper pipe with lead solder",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Understanding Lead and Drinking Water",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Understanding-Lead-and-Drinking-Water",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says it stopped allowing lead and galvanized water service lines to be installed in the mid-1960s, giving December 1963 on one of its pages and 1964 on another.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "not allowed the installation of lead and galvanized water service lines since December 1963",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Replacement Program",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Lead-Service-Program-Information",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Understanding Lead and Drinking Water",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Understanding-Lead-and-Drinking-Water",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says about twenty percent of its water service lines may still contain lead components, and puts the count at roughly fifty to sixty thousand homes with a possible lead or galvanized service line.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "approximately 50,000-60,000 homes with a possible lead or galvanized service line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Replacement Program",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Lead-Service-Program-Information",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (NPR News)",
     "title": "Columbus making progress towards replacing more than 20,000 lead pipes",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2025-05-19/columbus-making-progress-towards-replacing-more-than-20-000-lead-pipes",
     "published": "2025-05-19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus published a service line material inventory as of April 2024 covering approximately 284,000 active service lines, counting 25,140 lead lines, 12,500 galvanized requiring replacement, 78,060 non-lead, 88,722 unknown non-lead and 84,230 unknown.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "AS OF APRIL 2024. APPROX. 284,000 ACTIVE SERVICE LINES",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Columbus City Code Chapter 1119 declares lead water service lines, including galvanized lines requiring replacement, a public nuisance and prohibits repairing a lead service line.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Prohibits the repair of lead service lines",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says its water utility has maintained a lead level of less than two parts per billion for over two decades.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "an exceptionally low lead level of less than 2 parts per billion for over",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus describes its Lead Service Line Replacement Program as a citywide twelve-year project, and gives two different finish dates for removing every lead and galvanized line in its service area.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "The Lead Service Line Replacement Program is a citywide, 12-year project.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Replacement Program",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Lead-Service-Program-Information",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
     "published": "2024-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (NPR News)",
     "title": "Columbus to replace lead and galvanized pipes in 50,000 homes over the next decade, free of cost",
     "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2026-04-29/columbus-to-replace-lead-and-galvanized-pipes-in-50-000-homes-over-the-next-decade-free-of-cost",
     "published": "2026-04-29"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "In Columbus the city says the water service line has two parts: the utility-owned portion from the water main to the curb stop, and the customer-owned portion from the curb stop to the meter inside the home.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The utility-owned portion extends from the water main to the curb stop.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Lead Service Line Replacement Program",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Lead-Service-Program-Information",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "EPA required community water systems to develop and submit an initial service line inventory by October 16, 2024, with every line categorized as lead, non-lead, galvanized requiring replacement, or unknown.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "develop and submit an initial inventory by October 16, 2024",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements Technical Fact Sheet: Service Line Inventory and Replacement Requirements",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_service-line-inventory.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "EPA defines a galvanized service line as requiring replacement when it currently is, or ever was, downstream of a lead service line, and says a system that cannot show otherwise must treat it that way.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "currently is or ever was downstream of a lead service line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements Technical Fact Sheet: Service Line Inventory and Replacement Requirements",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_service-line-inventory.pdf",
     "published": "2024-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Michigan's environment agency says older galvanized pipe made before 2014 contains a higher percentage of lead in its zinc coating than pipe made for drinking water since.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Older galvanized pipes, manufactured before 2014, contain a higher percentage of lead",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
     "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
     "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Ohio EPA says an Ohio law enacted in June 2016 requires community and nontransient noncommunity public water systems to identify areas known or likely to contain lead service lines and to map them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "community and nontransient noncommunity public water systems are required to identify areas",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Lead Lines Mapping",
     "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/drinking-and-ground-waters/ddgw-programs/contaminant-monitoring/lead-and-copper/lead-lines-mapping",
     "published": "2022-01-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio contains no plumbing fixture chapter of its own; its section 2501.1 incorporates the Ohio Plumbing Code to govern the installation, testing and operation of plumbing in the buildings it covers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall govern the installation, testing and operation of the plumbing in buildings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 25)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Chapter index of Ohio Administrative Code division 4101:8, Residential Code of Ohio",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-29-01, Water supply and distribution (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 29)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-29-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code incorporates chapters 2 through 15 of the 2021 International Plumbing Code by reference, and its chapter rules carry an effective date of October 15, 2025.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the International Plumbing Code, 2021 edition, Chapters 2 through 15",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-1-01, Administration (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 1)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-1-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code requires an individual shower or tub-shower valve to be a balanced-pressure, thermostatic or combination type with a means to limit the maximum setting to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a means to limit the maximum setting of the valve to 120°F",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 4, Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-1-01, Administration (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 1)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-1-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission urges users to lower their water heaters to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "urges all users to lower their water heaters to 120 degrees Fahrenheit",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Avoiding Tap Water Scalds (Publication 5098)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/5098.pdf",
     "published": "2012-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code requires exterior water supply system piping to be installed not less than six inches below the frost line and not less than twelve inches below grade.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "installed not less than 6 inches (152 mm) below the frost line",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 3, General Regulations",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/3/general-regulations",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-3-01, General regulations (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-3-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code also bars installing water, soil and waste pipe outside a building, in an attic or crawl space, or concealed in an outside wall, unless the pipe is protected from freezing by insulation or heat or both.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "unless adequate provision is made to protect such pipes from freezing",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 3, General Regulations",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/3/general-regulations",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio does not print a frost line depth: its climatic design table leaves the frost line column blank and a footnote tells each jurisdiction to fill in the minimum depth of footing below finished grade.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The jurisdiction shall fill in the frost line depth column with the minimum depth",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "2024-03-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code requires an approved pressure-reducing valve with strainer where water pressure within a building exceeds 80 pounds per square inch static.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Where water pressure within a building exceeds 80 psi (552 kPa) static",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code limits the developed length of hot or tempered water piping from the source of hot water to the fixtures it serves to fifty feet.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "shall not exceed 50 feet (15 240 mm)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The Ohio Plumbing Code's water service and water distribution pipe tables still list galvanized steel pipe alongside copper, CPVC and PEX.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Galvanized steel pipe",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
     "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
     "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "Ohio's amendment to the plumbing code requires a water service pipe sharing a trench with the building sewer to be separated from it by not less than five feet of undisturbed or compacted earth, unless one of the code's stated conditions is met.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "not less than 5 feet (1524 mm) of undisturbed or compacted earth",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "Columbus source-water temperature by season, and what that does to the mix at a shower valve in January.",
   "status": "unsupported",
   "quote": "",
   "sources": []
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio's amendment to the shower lining rule names plumbing code section 417.5.2, while the current Ohio Plumbing Code numbers the shower lining requirements 421.5.2.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "417.5.2 Shower lining requirements.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 25)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:3-4-01, Fixtures, faucets and fixture fittings (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-4-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C7",
   "a": "First CPVC field trials began in 1960 in an experimental home built by the National Association of Home Builders; commercial production started in 1962",
   "a_source": "S23 (Lubrizol/BlazeMaster)",
   "b": "The first NAHB research home built with CPVC plumbing was in 1959 in East Lansing, Michigan, and commercial production of CPVC began in 1959",
   "b_source": "S24 (PHC Pros)",
   "printed": "print A because it is the manufacturer's account of its own history and is the stronger of two weak sources; name Lubrizol in the sentence and do not print a single unattributed year"
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C23",
   "a": "Columbus has not allowed the installation of lead and galvanized water service lines since December 1963",
   "a_source": "S16 (City of Columbus, Lead Service Line Replacement Program)",
   "b": "In 1964 Columbus Water & Power disallowed the installation of lead service lines",
   "b_source": "S17 (City of Columbus, Understanding Lead and Drinking Water)",
   "printed": "print both, as the mid-1960s, with the city named; the two pages have the same publisher and are not reconcilable from the outside. Note also that A covers lead and galvanized lines while B covers lead lines only."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C26",
   "a": "proactively replace private and public lead and galvanized lines by 2037",
   "a_source": "S16 (City of Columbus web page, Lead Service Line Replacement Program)",
   "b": "remove all lead and galvanized requiring replacement (GRR) service lines within DPU's service area by 2040",
   "b_source": "S29 (City of Columbus one-page summary, April 2024)",
   "printed": "print neither year; print the city's twelve-year framing instead. The two dates are the same publisher and are not reconcilable from the outside, and the 2024 document predates the final federal rule it was anticipating, so the earlier date may simply be stale."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-25-01, Plumbing systems (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 25)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-25-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-29-01, Water supply and distribution (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 29)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-29-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-1-01, Administration (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 1)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-1-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-3-01, General regulations (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 3)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-3-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-6-01, Water supply and distribution (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 6)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-6-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:3-4-01, Fixtures, faucets and fixture fittings (Ohio Plumbing Code, Chapter 4)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/3/4101$3-4-01_eff_10_15_25.pdf",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 3)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, Chapter 4)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
   "published": "2024-03-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
   "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 4, Fixtures, Faucets and Fixture Fittings",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/4/fixtures-faucets-and-fixture-fittings",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
   "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 3, General Regulations",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/3/general-regulations",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "International Code Council, via UpCodes",
   "title": "Ohio Plumbing Code 2024, Chapter 6, Water Supply and Distribution",
   "url": "https://up.codes/viewer/ohio/ipc-2021/chapter/6/water-supply-and-distribution",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Use of Lead Free Pipes, Fittings, Fixtures, Solder and Flux for Drinking Water",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/use-lead-free-pipes-fittings-fixtures-solder-and-flux-drinking-water",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Summary of the Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act and Frequently Asked Questions",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/28/documents/pws/LeadReductionActFAQs.pdf",
   "published": "2013-12-19"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Lead-Free Definition Under the Safe Drinking Water Act (Jeffrey Kempic, Office of Water, stakeholder meeting)",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-08/documents/leadfreedefined.pdf",
   "published": "2012-08-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "EPA's Final Lead and Copper Rule Improvements Technical Fact Sheet: Service Line Inventory and Replacement Requirements",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-10/final_lcri_fact-sheet_service-line-inventory.pdf",
   "published": "2024-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Lead Service Line Replacement Program",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Lead-Service-Program-Information",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Understanding Lead and Drinking Water",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Columbus-Water-Power/About-Columbus-Water-Power/The-Division-of-Water/Water-Facts/Water-Health/Understanding-Lead-and-Drinking-Water",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy",
   "title": "Galvanized Service Lines (guidance)",
   "url": "https://www.michigan.gov/-/media/Project/Websites/egle/Documents/Programs/DWEHD/Community-Water-Supply/Lead-Copper/Galvanized-Service-Lines.pdf",
   "published": "2019-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD USER, PD&R Edge)",
   "title": "Water Piping in the Home",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/archives/portal/pdredge/pdr-edge-trending-091018.html",
   "published": "2018-09-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Housing and Urban Development / Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (prepared by NAHB Research Center)",
   "title": "Design Guide: Residential PEX Water Supply Plumbing Systems",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/pex_design_guide.pdf",
   "published": "2006-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Court of Appeals of Tennessee (via FindLaw)",
   "title": "Tina Cox, et al. v. Shell Oil Company, et al.",
   "url": "https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/tn-court-of-appeals/1048091.html",
   "published": "2005-10-31"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "United States Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "Avoiding Tap Water Scalds (Publication 5098)",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/5098.pdf",
   "published": "2012-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Lubrizol (BlazeMaster)",
   "title": "History of BlazeMaster CPVC: From Invention in Our Labs to Growth Around the World",
   "url": "https://www.blazemaster.com/en-us/blog/history-of-cpvc-from-invention-in-our-labs-to-growth-around-the-world",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "PHC Pros (Plumbing, Heating, Cooling trade publication)",
   "title": "A History of CPVC in Residential Plumbing, by Jonathan Simon",
   "url": "https://www.phcppros.com/articles/16082-a-history-of-cpvc-in-residential-plumbing",
   "published": "2022-09-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Lead Lines Mapping",
   "url": "https://epa.ohio.gov/divisions-and-offices/drinking-and-ground-waters/ddgw-programs/contaminant-monitoring/lead-and-copper/lead-lines-mapping",
   "published": "2022-01-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "National Water Information System, site 03219500, Scioto River near Prospect OH, water temperature (parameter 00010)",
   "url": "https://waterservices.usgs.gov/nwis/stat/?format=rdb&sites=03219500&statReportType=monthly&parameterCd=00010&statTypeCd=mean",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Lead Service Line Removal Ordinance and Lead Service Line Replacement Program (one-page summary)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/content/city/v/30/services/columbus-water-power/about-columbus-water-power/the-division-of-water/water-facts/water-health/lead-service-program-information/lslr-one-pager-final.pdf",
   "published": "2024-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (NPR News)",
   "title": "Columbus making progress towards replacing more than 20,000 lead pipes",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2025-05-19/columbus-making-progress-towards-replacing-more-than-20-000-lead-pipes",
   "published": "2025-05-19"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "WOSU Public Media (NPR News)",
   "title": "Columbus to replace lead and galvanized pipes in 50,000 homes over the next decade, free of cost",
   "url": "https://www.wosu.org/politics-government/2026-04-29/columbus-to-replace-lead-and-galvanized-pipes-in-50-000-homes-over-the-next-decade-free-of-cost",
   "published": "2026-04-29"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives (United States Code)",
   "title": "42 U.S.C. 300g-6, Prohibition on use of lead pipes, solder, and flux",
   "url": "https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=(title:42+section:300g-6+edition:prelim)",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code (Ohio Board of Building Standards)",
   "title": "Chapter index of Ohio Administrative Code division 4101:8, Residential Code of Ohio",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}