{
 "page": "westerville-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/westerville-water-sewers-and-bathrooms-history.html",
 "title": "How Westerville got its water works, its sewers and its bathrooms",
 "record": "kb-wave-nine-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The City of Westerville dates its incorporation as a village to 1858, when John Haywood was elected its first mayor.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Westerville incorporated as a village; John Haywood elected as first mayor.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville: A Dynamic History",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1353/635588109652000000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "Otterbein was founded at Westerville in 1847 by the Church of the United Brethren in Christ.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The United Brethren Church opens Otterbein University.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Otterbein University",
     "title": "The History of Otterbein University",
     "url": "https://www.otterbein.edu/about/history-of-otterbein/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The City says Matthew and Peter Westervelt bought 890 acres along the eastern bank of Alum Creek on January 24, 1816, and that the community was officially named Westerville in 1840 after the family.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Matthew and Peter bought 890 acres of land along the eastern bank",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville: A Dynamic History",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1353/635588109652000000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Sanborn Map Company's June 1894 map of Westerville records the town's water facilities as not good and its streets as unpaved.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Water Facilities: Not Good.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, June 1894, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_001/",
     "published": "1894-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The Sanborn map of May 1900 still recorded Westerville's water facilities as not good, a year before the village built a public water supply.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Water Facilities Not Good.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, May 1900, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_002/",
     "published": "1900-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "In January 1902 the village's consulting engineer told the Ohio State Board of Health that Westerville had made no public improvements beyond graded streets, sidewalks, and storm water sewers and drains.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "No public improvements have been made beyond the grading of the streets",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The same 1902 report describes household waste running in an open run in the southwestern part of the village, which the engineer said became a nuisance in the summer months.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "in the summer months creates quite a nuisance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "On August 19, 1901 the electors of Westerville voted to issue bonds for a system of water works and for sewers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the electors of the village voted to issue",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "Westerville has operated a public water supply since 1901.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "A public water supply was introduced in 1901.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Water (Services, Water Division)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251204231905/https://www.westerville.org/services/water",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1903",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1904"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Westerville's first public water supply came from four eight-inch wells drilled about 175 feet deep, through soil and clay, into a layer of gravel and sand where the water was found, with shale below.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "four 8-inch wells drilled 175 feet deep through 55 feet of soil",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1913",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1914"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Board of Health approved the proposed Westerville supply in June 1902 after its own chemist reported that the test well water was harder than is desirable in a public supply.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "much harder than is desirable in a public supply",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The December 1913 Sanborn map records eight miles of four-inch to eight-inch water mains at Westerville, laid in 1901 and 1902.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "8 miles 4\" to 8\" mains, laid 1901-1902.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, December 1913, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_003/",
     "published": "1913-12"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, October 1922, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_004/",
     "published": "1922-10"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "In December 1913 the Westerville water works ran on five driven wells pumping into a 20,000 gallon reservoir, made to flow by air pressure, feeding 37 double hydrants.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "supplied by 5 driven wells; made to flow by air pressure",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, December 1913, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_003/",
     "published": "1913-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "A state engineer reported in March 1913 that Westerville's supply wells stood on a two-acre tract with dwellings and privy vaults within 500 feet, and the board approved a deeper well only for temporary use.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a number of dwellings with privy vaults within 500 feet of the wells",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1913",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1914"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The December 1913 Sanborn map already noted that Westerville was to have a new pump house at West Main Street and Alum Creek, the site the city's water plant occupies today.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "To have new pump ho. with ample supply of water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, December 1913, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_003/",
     "published": "1913-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "Westerville's Alum Creek water treatment plant on Main Street dates from the middle of the 1920s, and its two publishers give different years.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "marks 100 years since the building of Westerville's Alum Creek water treatment plant",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Westerville Public Library",
     "title": "Exhibit celebrates the 100th anniversary of water treatment in Westerville",
     "url": "https://westervillelibrary.org/news/exhibit-celebrates-the-100th-anniversary-of-water-treatment-in-westerville/",
     "published": "2024-06-24"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The Sanborn maps bracket the change of source: in October 1922 Westerville's supply was still two wells, and by February 1933 the map records municipal ownership and a water supply from Alum Creek.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Municipal ownership. Water supply from Alum Creek.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, October 1922, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_004/",
     "published": "1922-10"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, February 1933, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_005/",
     "published": "1933-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The City says a new Westerville water plant able to treat three million gallons a day was built in 1969, expanded to six million gallons a day in 1980 and to seven and a half million in 1999.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a water treatment capacity of three millions gallons per day",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Water (Services, Water Division)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251204231905/https://www.westerville.org/services/water",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Westerville's first water plant, in the Uptown district, was converted into a senior center in 1982.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "City officials convert the old water treatment plant to a Senior Center.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Westerville History Museum, Westerville Public Library",
     "title": "Collection record 796 M, Government, Water and Sewage: Photograph of the water plant",
     "url": "https://whmcollection.net/collection/collectionspace",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The City of Westerville says it was the first community in Ohio to fluoridate its drinking water, beginning in 1951.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Westerville was the first community in Ohio to fluoridate its drinking water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Water FAQs",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317131859/https://www.westerville.org/services/water/faqs",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The city's plant takes most of its source water from Alum Creek just north of Main Street, downstream of the Alum Creek Reservoir, and also uses underground wells.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "its source water for the Westerville Water Treatment Plant from Alum Creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Stormwater Management",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260516231334/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/stormwater-management",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Water FAQs",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317131859/https://www.westerville.org/services/water/faqs",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "Alum Creek Lake was built by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1974, and Ohio EPA names the City of Columbus and Del-Co Water Company, not Westerville, as the utilities that share the lake as a water supply reservoir.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "was built by the Army Corps of Engineers in 1974",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "Alum Creek Lake Monitoring Quality Assurance Project Plan",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/Study%20Plan/Alum-Creek-2019-QAPP.pdf",
     "published": "2019-05-28"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Stormwater Management",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260516231334/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/stormwater-management",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The City says the Corps of Engineers must release water below the Alum Creek dam for Westerville's use and to hold the creek's level up.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "waters downstream of the dam for the use of the City",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Stormwater Management",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260516231334/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/stormwater-management",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "In January 1902 the Ohio State Board of Health approved plans for a separate sanitary sewer system for Westerville of four and seven-tenths miles, built of vitrified salt-glazed pipe with cemented joints.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "consisting of four and seven-tenths miles of sewers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Westerville's first sewage works were septic tanks followed by coke contact beds and filters, designed for 75,000 gallons a day, of which the village built two-thirds at first.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a combination of the septic process followed by treatment with coke contact beds",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "In June 1902 the board approved moving the disposal works to a three-acre site just outside the village line after nearby property owners objected to the first location.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the village council have decided to change the location of the works",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "A year after Westerville's sewers were built, the state's inspector counted twenty-one houses and one creamery connected to them, representing about 100 people in a village of about 1,500.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "There are twenty-one houses and one creamery connected with the sewers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1903",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1904"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The treated effluent from Westerville's first sewage works ran into a small stream that reaches Alum Creek.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a small tributary of Alum Creek",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1903",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1904"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1913",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1914"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "In 1906 the board reported that the Westerville sewage purification plant had not been used for some time and that untreated sewage was going into Alum Creek.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the plant had not been used for some time and that untreated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1906",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1906ohio/annualreportofst1906ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1907"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "State inspections in 1909, 1910 and 1911 each found Westerville's sewage plant neglected, giving poor results, or with the repairs the board had asked for not carried out.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "found in a neglected condition, showing no evidence of any painstaking",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1909",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1910"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1910",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1910ohio/annualreportofst1910ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1911"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1911",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1912"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "In December 1913 the sewers reached only the eastern and northern parts of Westerville, the western part had no drainage at all, and the board approved a temporary settling tank of the Imhoff type for no more than three years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The proposed tank is of the Imhoff type",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1913",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1914"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Westerville says a federal grant in 1977 paid to upgrade its wastewater collection system, that two collector sewers were installed, and that all known overflows were permanently blocked.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1977 the City of Westerville received a Federal Government Grant to upgrade",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Wastewater Collection System",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317124521/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/wastewater-collection-system",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "Westerville treats none of its own sewage today, and the arrangement that replaced its own plant is set out on the site's existing water and sewer providers page.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "All wastewater generated within the City of Westerville is treated by",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Wastewater Collection System",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317124521/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/wastewater-collection-system",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The 1950 census counted 1,194 dwelling units in Westerville village, of which 1,015 had an installed bathtub or shower for the household's exclusive use, 90 shared one and 76 had none at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Installed bathtub or shower, exclusive use",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 23",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "In the same 1950 count, 1,042 Westerville dwelling units had a flush toilet inside the structure for exclusive use, 92 shared one, 50 had other toilet facilities including a privy, and 2 had no toilet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Other toilet facilities (including privy)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 23",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "In 1950, 1,105 of Westerville's dwelling units had hot and cold piped running water inside the structure, 44 had only cold, 23 had piped running water outside the structure and 16 had none.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Hot and cold piped running water inside structure",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 23",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Of the 1,140 Westerville dwelling units that reported a year built in 1950, 710 were built in 1919 or earlier.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "1919 or earlier",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 23",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The 1950 census also recorded 976 of Westerville's 1,194 dwelling units as not dilapidated and having a private toilet and bath and hot running water, and 32 as not dilapidated with no running water.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "With priv. toilet and bath, and hot running water",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 22",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
     "published": "1953"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Westerville's population was 1,462 in 1900 by the federal census, 3,146 in 1940 and 4,112 in 1950.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "according to the Federal Census of 1900) 1,462 inhabitants",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
     "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume I: Number of Inhabitants, Ohio, Table 7",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-38.pdf",
     "published": "1952"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
     "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
     "published": "1903"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The City says Westerville became a city in 1961, adopted its own charter in 1964, and in 1916 adopted a council-manager government, which it says made it the third municipality in the United States and the first village in Ohio to do so.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Westerville becomes a city with a population of 7,011.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville: A Dynamic History",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1353/635588109652000000",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Westerville runs its own building department, which the city describes as a State of Ohio-certified building department that reviews and inspects residential and commercial construction in the community.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a State of Ohio-certified building department that reviews and inspects all aspects",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Building (Planning and Development Department)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250901172234/https://www.westerville.org/services/planning-development/building",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Westerville reaches across the Franklin and Delaware county line, and the City says it annexed 941 acres from Delaware County in 1995.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Westerville annexes 941 acres, today known as the Westar Center of Business",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Westerville",
     "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
     "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, December 1913, sheet 1",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_003/",
     "published": "1913-12"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C9",
   "a": "A public water supply was introduced in 1901",
   "a_source": "S9, Ohio State Board of Health 1903 report, printed page 560; and S3, City of Westerville",
   "b": "The public water supply of the village was installed in 1903",
   "b_source": "S14, Ohio State Board of Health 1913 report, printed page 400",
   "printed": "Print 1901 as the start, and say what happened in between. The board's own 1903 volume, written a year after the work, is closer to the event than its 1913 volume, and the December 1913 Sanborn map independently dates the mains to 1901-1902. The honest sentence is that the village voted for the works in August 1901, the state approved the wells in June 1902, the mains went in during 1901 and 1902, and the board's 1913 report gives 1903."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C16",
   "a": "December 30, 1924",
   "a_source": "S24, Westerville Public Library",
   "b": "1925",
   "b_source": "S1, City of Westerville",
   "printed": "Print both with their publishers named. The two are one year apart and neither can be preferred on the evidence read; the Sanborn maps only bracket the change between October 1922 and February 1933."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C39",
   "a": "4,112 in 1950",
   "a_source": "S22, 1950 Census of Population, Ohio, Table 7, page 35-27",
   "b": "4,102 in 1950",
   "b_source": "S1, City of Westerville, Westerville Historical Tidbits",
   "printed": "Print the Census Bureau's 4,112 and name the Census Bureau. Population figures for this wave come only from the Census Bureau's own tables, and the city's number differs by ten with no explanation given."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C25",
   "a": "The existing sewage treatment works were installed in 1903",
   "a_source": "S14, Ohio State Board of Health 1913 report, printed page 598",
   "b": "In 1902, four and one-half miles of sewers and a disposal plant were constructed",
   "b_source": "S9, Ohio State Board of Health 1903 report, printed page 560",
   "printed": "Print 1902 for construction and note that the works were inspected and running by the winter of 1903. Both statements are the same publisher in different years; the earlier one is contemporaneous with the work and matches the January and June 1902 approvals in S8. VERIFICATION FIX: this entry was filed under claim_id C32 (the unrelated 1977 wastewater-grant claim); C32 never states an installation year, so the tag could not have been the intended target. C25 (the septic-tank-and-coke-beds description, the claim closest to 'the existing sewage treatment works') is the best available anchor; this is the sewage-side counterpart to the water-side conflict already filed under C9."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C13",
   "a": "four 8-inch drilled wells",
   "a_source": "S8 (1902) and S14 (1913), Ohio State Board of Health",
   "b": "5 driven wells",
   "b_source": "S17, Sanborn map, December 1913",
   "printed": "Print neither count as the number of wells. Say the supply came from drilled wells and quote whichever source the sentence rests on, because the two records disagree in the same year and the difference may be a fifth well added at the works."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Westerville Historical Tidbits",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1352/635671900859400000",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Westerville: A Dynamic History",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260609221244if_/https://www.westerville.org/home/showpublisheddocument/1353/635588109652000000",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Water (Services, Water Division)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20251204231905/https://www.westerville.org/services/water",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Water FAQs",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317131859/https://www.westerville.org/services/water/faqs",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Wastewater Collection System",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260317124521/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/wastewater-collection-system",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Stormwater Management",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20260516231334/https://www.westerville.org/services/public-service/stormwater-management",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "City of Westerville",
   "title": "Building (Planning and Development Department)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250901172234/https://www.westerville.org/services/planning-development/building",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1902",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1902ohio/annualreportofst1902ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1903"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31st, 1903",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1903ohio/annualreportofst1903ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1904"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1906",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1906ohio/annualreportofst1906ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1907"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1909",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1909ohio/annualreportofst1909ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1910"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1910",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1910ohio/annualreportofst1910ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1911"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1911",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1911ohio/annualreportofst1911ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1912"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Board of Health",
   "title": "Annual Report of the State Board of Health of the State of Ohio for the Year Ending December 31, 1913",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/annualreportofst1913ohio/annualreportofst1913ohio_djvu.txt",
   "published": "1914"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, June 1894, sheet 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_001/",
   "published": "1894-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, May 1900, sheet 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_002/",
   "published": "1900-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, December 1913, sheet 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_003/",
   "published": "1913-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, October 1922, sheet 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_004/",
   "published": "1922-10"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Sanborn Map Company (Library of Congress)",
   "title": "Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Westerville, Franklin County, Ohio, February 1933, sheet 1",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/sanborn06953_005/",
   "published": "1933-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 23",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
   "published": "1953"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Housing, Volume I: General Characteristics, Part 5, Ohio, Table 22",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/housing-volume-1/36965082v1p5ch03.pdf",
   "published": "1953"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1950 Census of Population, Volume I: Number of Inhabitants, Ohio, Table 7",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1950/population-volume-1/vol-01-38.pdf",
   "published": "1952"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "United States Census Bureau",
   "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II: General Characteristics, Part 4, Ohio chapter",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4-ch7.pdf",
   "published": "1943"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Westerville Public Library",
   "title": "Exhibit celebrates the 100th anniversary of water treatment in Westerville",
   "url": "https://westervillelibrary.org/news/exhibit-celebrates-the-100th-anniversary-of-water-treatment-in-westerville/",
   "published": "2024-06-24"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Westerville History Museum, Westerville Public Library",
   "title": "Collection record 796 M, Government, Water and Sewage: Photograph of the water plant",
   "url": "https://whmcollection.net/collection/collectionspace",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Ohio Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "Alum Creek Lake Monitoring Quality Assurance Project Plan",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/epa.ohio.gov/Portals/35/Study%20Plan/Alum-Creek-2019-QAPP.pdf",
   "published": "2019-05-28"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "Otterbein University",
   "title": "The History of Otterbein University",
   "url": "https://www.otterbein.edu/about/history-of-otterbein/",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}