{
 "page": "what-goes-wrong-in-a-central-ohio-house-soils-water-radon-termites-and-weather.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/what-goes-wrong-in-a-central-ohio-house-soils-water-radon-termites-and-weather.html",
 "title": "What goes wrong in a Central Ohio house: soils, water, radon, termites and weather",
 "record": "kb-wave-twelve-ohio-building-history-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The federal soil survey of Franklin County says the county was glaciated in at least two glacial periods, and that the Wisconsin ice sheet made two advances into the area, one about 50,000 years ago and the last about 16,000 years ago, each leaving a layer of till.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Wisconsin ice sheet made two advances into the area.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The same survey says the surface deposits of Franklin County are mostly ground moraine, with an average of about 50 feet of till over the bedrock.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "an average of about 50 feet of till over bedrock",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The survey divides the county into two tills: the northeastern third is a medium-lime clay loam till carrying sandstone and shale fragments, and the southwestern two-thirds is a high-lime till carrying limestone and dolomite fragments.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The northeastern third of the county consists of a",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey defines till as material deposited directly by a glacier, and describes it as unsorted deposits of sand, gravel, silt and clay.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "directly by a glacier is known as till",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts 19: Sand and Gravel",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GF19_Hull_2023.pdf",
     "published": "revised 2023"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The same Ohio Geological Survey sheet says the largest outwash deposits in Ohio lie along the Great Miami River and Mad River between Bellefontaine and Cincinnati, and along the Scioto River valley between Columbus and Portsmouth.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "River valley between Columbus and Portsmouth",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts 19: Sand and Gravel",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GF19_Hull_2023.pdf",
     "published": "revised 2023"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The federal survey names three end moraines inside Franklin County: the London Moraine in the southwest corner, an extension of the Pickerington Moraine in the northeast, and the Powell Moraine in the extreme northwest.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "London Moraine in the southwest corner",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "In the federal soil survey's own acreage table the two most extensive soils in Franklin County are Kokomo silty clay loam, at 36,442 acres or 10.6 percent of the county, and Crosby silt loam on 0 to 2 percent slopes, at 32,306 acres or 9.4 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Acreage and proportionate extent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The Natural Resources Conservation Service puts Crosby and Bennington in its drainage class somewhat poorly drained, Kokomo in very poorly drained, and Miamian in well drained.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service",
     "title": "Official Series Descriptions: CROSBY, MIAMIAN, KOKOMO, BENNINGTON, BLOUNT, CARDINGTON, CELINA, PEWAMO",
     "url": "https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CROSBY.html",
     "published": "undated, maintained series"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The federal survey's building site development table rates Crosby severe for dwellings with basements, and names the reasons as wetness and low strength.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "low potential for building site development and sanitary",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The survey defines shrink-swell potential as the potential for volume change in a soil with a loss or gain in moisture, and says that where it is rated moderate to very high, shrinking and swelling can cause damage to buildings, roads and other structures.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Shrink-swell potential is the potential for volume",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "For Franklin County's most extensive soils the survey rates shrink-swell potential moderate, not high: moderate in the subsoil of Crosby, and moderate in Kokomo.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shrink-swell potential in the subsoil are moderate",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The survey's remedy for the county's wet soils is written into the map unit descriptions themselves: building sites should be landscaped for good surface drainage away from foundations.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Building sites should be landscaped for good surface",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The survey says the Crosby soil's seasonal high water table stands between 12 and 36 inches down late in winter, in spring and in other extended wet periods, and that its potential frost action is high.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "between depths of 12 and 36 inches late in winter",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The survey says the Kokomo soil sits in depressions and at the heads of drainageways, receives runoff from higher soils and is subject to ponding, and is severely limited for building site development.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "very poorly drained soil is in depressions and at the",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The survey's Crosby-Kokomo-Celina association covers about 12 percent of Franklin County and was already about 25 percent urban when the survey was written.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This association covers about 12 percent of the",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
     "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
     "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio requires drains around concrete or masonry foundations that retain earth and enclose habitable or usable spaces below grade, placed at or below the top of the footing or below the bottom of the slab.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "concrete or masonry foundations that retain earth and enclose habitable or usable",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The code excuses that drain only where the foundation sits on well-drained ground or on sand-gravel mixture soils, which its own Table 405.1 calls Group I.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A drainage system is not required where the foundation is installed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio requires foundation walls that retain earth and enclose interior spaces and floors below grade to be dampproofed from the top of the footing, or six inches below the top of the basement floor, up to the finished grade.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall be dampproofed from the higher of (a)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The code raises the requirement from dampproofing to waterproofing in areas where a high water table or other severe soil-water conditions are known to exist, and lists eight materials that satisfy it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "water table or other severe soil-water conditions are known to exist",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio carries two exceptions for houses that already exist: no dampproofing is required where a supplemental interior foundation drainage system is installed and connected to a sump pump, and the same arrangement excuses waterproofing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a supplemental interior foundation drainage system is installed and connected",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey defines karst as a landform that develops on or in limestone, dolomite or gypsum by dissolution, marked by sinkholes, drainage through solution-enlarged fractures, and caves.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Karst is a landform that develops on or in limestone, dolomite, or gypsum",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
     "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The state geological survey names the Scioto and Olentangy River gorges as one of Ohio's five most significant karst regions, and says the uplands beside them in northern Franklin and southern Delaware counties include areas of well-developed, active karst terrain.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "in northern Franklin and southern Delaware Counties include areas",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
     "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The survey puts the point plainly for anyone building there: these uplands are among the most rapidly developing areas of the state, so karst should be a consideration in site assessments for commercial and residential construction projects.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "be a consideration in site assessments for commercial and residential",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
     "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The state survey says sinkhole concentrations of up to one sinkhole per acre are not uncommon in Concord, Scioto and Radnor Townships of Delaware County, with the sinkholes ranging from about 10 to 100 feet across and commonly lined up along major joints.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "concentrations up to 1 sinkhole per acre are not uncommon",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
     "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The state survey says sudden collapse of an underground cavern or the opening of a sinkhole can cause surface subsidence that can severely damage or destroy any overlying structure, and that improperly backfilled sinkholes are prone to both gradual and sudden subsidence.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "can severely damage or destroy any overlying structure such as",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
     "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The Ohio Emergency Management Agency's hazard plan says the two primary causes of land subsidence in Ohio are abandoned underground mines and karst, and adds a third form associated with soils that expand when wet and contract when dry.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "causes are abandoned underground mines (AUMs) and karst.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.14, Land Subsidence",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.14.pdf",
     "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Table of Contents",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-TOC_LOA.pdf",
     "published": "Rev. 4/2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The Ohio Geological Survey's own account of homeowner questions lists other reasons ground settles under a house in land recently turned from farming to housing: ceramic field tiles that break down and let soil wash away, water moving through the stone around pipes and sewers, and compaction of backfilled cisterns, hand-dug wells and abandoned basements.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "allow overlying soil to be carried away",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The value of geologic maps to Ohio homeowners (Ohio Geology 2006, No. 1)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2006_n1.pdf",
     "published": "2006"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The federal Environmental Protection Agency's Map of Radon Zones, developed in 1993, defines Zone 1 as counties with a predicted average indoor screening level greater than 4 picocuries per liter, Zone 2 as between 2 and 4, and Zone 3 as less than 2.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "screening level > (Greater) than 4 pCi/L",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ohio.pdf",
     "published": "1993 map, undated web version"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio (EPA 402-R-93-055)",
     "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/0000081B.PDF?Dockey=0000081B.PDF",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The same map carries the agency's own warning about how to use it: the Map of Radon Zones should not be used to determine if individual homes need to be tested, and all homes should be tested regardless of zone designation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "All homes should be tested, regardless of zone designation.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ohio.pdf",
     "published": "1993 map, undated web version"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio (EPA 402-R-93-055)",
     "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/0000081B.PDF?Dockey=0000081B.PDF",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "On the federal agency's Ohio map, 53 of Ohio's 88 counties are shaded Zone 1 and 35 are shaded Zone 2, and no Ohio county is shaded Zone 3.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ohio.pdf",
     "published": "1993 map, undated web version"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio (EPA 402-R-93-055)",
     "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/0000081B.PDF?Dockey=0000081B.PDF",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "On the federal map every county of the central band of the state is shaded Zone 1, the agency's highest category, including Franklin, Delaware, Licking, Fairfield, Union, Madison and Pickaway.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Highest potential",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
     "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ohio.pdf",
     "published": "1993 map, undated web version"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
     "title": "EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio (EPA 402-R-93-055)",
     "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/0000081B.PDF?Dockey=0000081B.PDF",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "In the EPA and state Residential Radon Survey of Ohio conducted in 1988 and 1989, 64 percent of the 170 screening measurements taken in Franklin County were above 4 picocuries per liter.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Screening indoor radon data from the EPA/State Residential Radon Survey of",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Preliminary Geologic Radon Potential Assessment of Ohio (in Open-File Report 93-292-E, EPA Region 5)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292e/report.pdf",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The same federal survey table gives very different shares for the counties around Franklin: 72 percent of 29 measurements above 4 picocuries per liter in Licking County, 61 percent of 31 in Fairfield, 57 percent of 7 in Pickaway, 55 percent of 20 in Delaware, 20 percent of 10 in Madison and none of the 6 measurements in Union County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "from the lowest level of each home tested",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Preliminary Geologic Radon Potential Assessment of Ohio (in Open-File Report 93-292-E, EPA Region 5)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292e/report.pdf",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The United States Geological Survey's assessment associates Ohio counties with higher average radon with the north-south band of Ohio Shale that glaciers redistributed, and with limestone glacial soils; that band runs through Central Ohio, including the Columbus area.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the north-south trending Ohio Shale outcrop band",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Preliminary Geologic Radon Potential Assessment of Ohio (in Open-File Report 93-292-E, EPA Region 5)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292e/report.pdf",
     "published": "1993"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio does not require radon-resistant construction in a house: neither its building planning chapter nor its foundations chapter contains a radon provision, and the code as printed in the Ohio Administrative Code has no radon appendix.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Chapter 4101:8-3 | Building Planning",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code 4101:8 chapter index (Residential Code of Ohio)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule page (effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "page undated; states effective July 1, 2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio fills in the termite column of its climatic and geographic design criteria table for the whole state with the words moderate to heavy.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Indicates the need for protection depending on whether there has been a",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule page (effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "page undated; states effective July 1, 2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Because of that designation the code requires protection by one or a combination of six named methods: chemical termiticide treatment, a termite-baiting system, pressure-preservative-treated wood, naturally durable termite-resistant wood, approved physical barriers, and cold-formed steel framing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "termites as indicated by Table 301.2(1), protection shall be by one",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The code's ban on foam plastic below grade is written for a heavier designation than Ohio's: section 318.4 applies where the probability of termite infestation is very heavy on the code's own termite infestation probability map, and that map shades Ohio moderate to heavy.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "infestation is \"very heavy\" as indicated in Figure 301.2(7)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Separately from termites, the code requires decay protection at seven named locations, among them wood framing resting on a foundation wall less than 8 inches from the exposed ground, sills and sleepers on a slab in direct contact with the ground, and wood furring attached directly to the inside of a below-grade wall.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Protection of wood and wood-based products from",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Ohio fills four cells of its statewide climatic and geographic design criteria table - an ultimate design wind speed of 115 miles per hour, a severe weathering classification, a termite entry of moderate to heavy, and ice barrier underlayment required, yes - sets the winter design temperature through the table's own footnote, and leaves the other six columns for the local jurisdiction to fill in.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CLIMATIC AND GEOGRAPHIC DESIGN CRITERIA",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule page (effective and prior effective dates)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "page undated; states effective July 1, 2019"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The code's own footnote makes ice damming a statewide condition: all jurisdictions in Ohio have a history of local damage from the effects of ice damming.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "have a history of local damage from the effects of ice damming",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Department of Energy's Building America program describes how an ice dam forms: snow is present on a roof, the roof deck under the snow reaches above freezing, and the melt water runs down the slope until it reaches the eave, where the deck is cold enough for it to refreeze.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "runs down the slope of the roof until it reaches the roof eave",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Department of Energy, Building America Solution Center (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)",
     "title": "Construct Roofs and Attics for Ice Dam Prevention",
     "url": "https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/construct-roofs-and-attics-ice-dam-prevention",
     "published": "page states Last Updated 2022-12-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "The code prints a winter design table for nine Ohio stations, and gives Columbus 5,660 heating degree days a year and an outdoor design temperature of 5 degrees at latitude 40 degrees north.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The outdoor design dry-bulb temperature shall be determined from the following",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The Federal Emergency Management Agency defines the Special Flood Hazard Area as the area that will be inundated by the flood event having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year, and says that flood is also called the base flood or the 100-year flood.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Zones",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary/flood-zones",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The same agency defines shaded Zone X as the areas between the limits of the base flood and the 0.2-percent-annual-chance flood, and unshaded Zone X as areas outside the Special Flood Hazard Area and higher than that flood's elevation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "areas between the limits of the base flood and the 0.2-percent-annual-chance",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "Flood Zones",
     "url": "https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary/flood-zones",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio sends buildings in flood hazard areas to its own flood section, and its table leaves each jurisdiction to fill in the date it entered the National Flood Insurance Program, the dates of its flood insurance study, and the panel numbers and dates of its current flood maps.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "whole or in part in flood hazard areas (including A or V Zones)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
     "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The Ohio Emergency Management Agency's hazard plan counts 99 repetitive loss structures and 5 severe repetitive loss structures in Franklin County as of November 2023, 104 in all, with 273 losses between them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Repetitive and Severe Repetitive Loss Structures in Ohio as of November 2023",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.2, Flood",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.2.pdf",
     "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Table of Contents",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-TOC_LOA.pdf",
     "published": "Rev. 4/2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The Ohio Emergency Management Agency's hazard plan maps 1,414 tornado touchdowns in Ohio between 1950 and 2023, and puts Franklin County second among the state's counties with 34.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "touchdowns of 1414 tornadoes that struck the State between 1950 and 2023",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.3, Tornado",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.3.pdf",
     "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Table of Contents",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-TOC_LOA.pdf",
     "published": "Rev. 4/2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The same plan counts 127 days with a severe winter weather event in Franklin County between January 1, 2003 and January 1, 2023, the second highest count in the plan's Region 2 behind Montgomery County's 132, against 104 in Delaware, 102 in Fairfield, 100 in Licking, 98 in Union, 97 in Pickaway and 87 in Madison.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Severe Winter Storms Past Occurrences and Probability Assessment by County",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.4, Winter Storm",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.4.pdf",
     "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Table of Contents",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-TOC_LOA.pdf",
     "published": "Rev. 4/2024"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The state plan says snowfall drops from northeast to southwest across Ohio: the Lake Erie counties of Lake, Geauga and Ashtabula can see more than eight feet in a year, while in the south and southwest average snow depths are one to two feet.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "average snow depths are one to two feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
     "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.4, Winter Storm",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.4.pdf",
     "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "The United States Geological Survey's account of the January 1959 flood says that at Columbus a levee along Dry Run, a small tributary of the Scioto River, was overtopped by the flood waters of the river, releasing water into the west side of the city, and that Alum and Big Walnut Creeks in the eastern part of the city were at unprecedented stages at the same time.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "At Columbus a levee along Dry Run, a small",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Geological Survey Circular 418)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The same federal report says the one flood-control reservoir in the Scioto basin, Delaware Reservoir on the Olentangy River, stored all the runoff from 381 square miles, while the three water-supply reservoirs of the city of Columbus had slight controlling effect because their design did not include flood storage capacities.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "three water-supply reservoirs of the city of",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
     "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Geological Survey Circular 418)",
     "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
     "published": "1959"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The National Weather Service's Wilmington office puts Columbus's snowiest season at 67.8 inches in 1910 and its heaviest single day of snow at 15.5 inches on March 8, 2008, in a record its own table says runs from 1884 to the present.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Most in a Season",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office",
     "title": "Columbus Snowfall Climatology - yearly and seasonal snowfall records for Columbus (CMH)",
     "url": "https://www.weather.gov/media/iln/climo_webpage/SnowSumYear_cmh.pdf",
     "published": "page states Last Update: 2023-08-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "The Ohio Department of Health's radon program states that radon testing is the only way to know the radon levels in a home, and that it is recommended that all occupied ground-contact structures in the State of Ohio are tested for radon.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Radon testing is the only way to know the radon levels in your home.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Health",
     "title": "Radon Data (Ohio radon maps), Radon Education and Licensing Program",
     "url": "https://odh.ohio.gov/know-our-programs/radon-education-and-licensing-program/Radon-Data/Radon-Data/",
     "published": "page dated April 21, 2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "The Residential Code of Ohio's foundations chapter reaches expansive soil in two places: section 401.4 says that where quantifiable data created by accepted soil science methodologies indicate expansive soils, compressible soils, shifting soils or other questionable soil characteristics are likely to be present, the building official may determine whether to require a soil test at a particular location; and section 403.1.8 says foundation and floor slabs for buildings located on expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with Section 1808.6 of the Ohio building code, with an exception for foundation systems that have performed adequately in similar soil conditions, subject to the building official's approval. Section 403.1.8.1 defines a soil as expansive by four laboratory tests: a plasticity index of 15 or greater, more than 10 percent of particles passing a No. 200 sieve, more than 10 percent finer than 5 micrometers, or an expansion index greater than 20.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "401.4 Soil tests. Where quantifiable data created by accepted soil science methodologies indicate expansive soils, compressible soils, shifting soils or other questionable soil characteristics are likely to be present, the building official may determine whether to require a soil test to determine the soil's characteristics at a particular location. ... 403.1.8 Foundations on expansive soils. Foundation and floor slabs for buildings located on expansive soils shall be designed in accordance with Section 1808.6 of the Ohio building code.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
     "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C26",
   "a": "The Ohio Emergency Management Agency's land subsidence section names Brown, Adams and Highland in the south and Seneca, Huron, Erie, Sandusky and Ottawa in the north as the counties most affected by karst, and does not name Delaware or Franklin.",
   "a_source": "S14",
   "b": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey's own karst map names the Scioto and Olentangy River gorges in northern Franklin and southern Delaware counties as one of the state's five most significant karst regions.",
   "b_source": "S2",
   "printed": "Print both, and say which is which. They are not contradictory: the state plan is ranking counties by the total number of mapped features, and the geological survey is describing where karst is developed and active. For a Central Ohio page the survey's statement is the one that matters, and the plan's silence about Delaware County should be stated as silence, not as a finding of no karst."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C30",
   "a": "53 Zone 1 counties and 35 Zone 2 counties, counted from the fill colors of the EPA Ohio map's own county polygons.",
   "a_source": "S1",
   "b": "No agency-published county list assigning Ohio counties to radon zones exists. The verifier opened EPA's own 86-page state document, EPA 402-R-93-055, EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio, through the NEPIS ZyPDF endpoint; it prints the zone definitions and the method but gives the Ohio assignment as a map image too.",
   "b_source": "S20",
   "printed": "Print A with the method stated in the sentence, or do not print the count at all. Two independent readings of the map's own colors, by different methods, both give 53 Zone 1 and 35 Zone 2, and EPA's own text about Hamilton and Summit counties agrees with the reading. Do not print any figure taken from a radon company's or a data aggregator's county list, however closely it agrees."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C40",
   "a": "The Residential Code of Ohio's Table 301.2(1) prints a severe weathering classification for the whole state, together with 115 mph, moderate to heavy and ice barrier underlayment Yes.",
   "a_source": "S7",
   "b": "Wave ten's how-built sheet, claim C7, and the sentence on the live page that begins 'The City of Columbus fills it in at 32 inches' list four values as the city's: frost line depth, ground snow load, seismic design category and the severe weathering classification.",
   "b_source": "kb-wave-ten-2026-09 how-central-ohio-houses-were-built-by-era.json C7",
   "printed": "Print both and separate them. THREE of wave ten's four values are the city's - frost line depth, ground snow load and seismic design category are blank in the state table and their footnotes say the jurisdiction shall fill them in. The FOURTH, the severe weathering classification, is the STATE's: it is printed in Table 301.2(1) for all of Ohio, and the city's communication reproduces it. Wave ten's sentence and its C7 over-credit the city by exactly one value and should be patched to end the city's list at seismic design category B, with weathering moved to a separate statement about the state."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C40",
   "a": "The Residential Code of Ohio's Table 301.2(1) prints an ultimate design wind speed of 115 miles per hour for the whole state.",
   "a_source": "S7",
   "b": "Wave ten's how-built sheet records the City of Columbus's own reproduction of the climatic table as giving wind speed 90.",
   "b_source": "kb-wave-ten-2026-09 how-central-ohio-houses-were-built-by-era.json C7 definition_note",
   "printed": "Print the state's 115 and say it is an ULTIMATE design wind speed. These are not two different winds: section 301.2.1 calls the table's figure the ultimate design wind speed, and 301.2.1.3 gives the conversion between ultimate and nominal speeds, under which 115 ultimate is about 90 nominal. The city's document reproduces an older edition's table, which also explains why it shows a decay column that the current state table does not have. Never print the two figures side by side without saying which convention each is in."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C47",
   "a": "2,573 repetitive and severe repetitive loss structures in Ohio with 7,283 losses, from the narrative of Section 2.2 of the state plan.",
   "a_source": "S11",
   "b": "1,527 structures with 4,480 losses, from the row of the same section's Table 2.2.c labeled STATEWIDE TOTAL.",
   "b_source": "S11",
   "printed": "Print the narrative figures. The table's STATEWIDE TOTAL row is arithmetically the sum of its own three region subtotals for the fifteen listed counties (496 plus 631 plus 400 equals 1,527), not a state total; the label is the plan's own slip. Franklin County's own row, 104 structures and 273 losses, is unaffected either way."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "OHIO - EPA Map of Radon Zones",
   "url": "https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-08/documents/ohio.pdf",
   "published": "1993 map, undated web version"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Ohio Karst Areas (Known and probable karst in Ohio, Map EG-1, page-size version with text)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/MiscMap_OhioKarst_2016.pdf",
   "published": "1999, revised 2002 and 2006"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "The value of geologic maps to Ohio homeowners (Ohio Geology 2006, No. 1)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2006_n1.pdf",
   "published": "2006"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "GeoFacts 19: Sand and Gravel",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GF19_Hull_2023.pdf",
   "published": "revised 2023"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service",
   "title": "Official Series Descriptions: CROSBY, MIAMIAN, KOKOMO, BENNINGTON, BLOUNT, CARDINGTON, CELINA, PEWAMO",
   "url": "https://soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CROSBY.html",
   "published": "undated, maintained series"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service",
   "title": "Soil Survey of Franklin County, Ohio",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-franklin-county-ohio-1980",
   "published": "issued February 1980; major fieldwork completed 1971-76"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 3)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-3-01_eff_7_1_19.pdf",
   "published": "effective July 1, 2019; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-3-01 rule page (effective and prior effective dates)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
   "published": "page undated; states effective July 1, 2019"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-4-01, Foundations (Residential Code of Ohio, chapter 4)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/assets/laws/administrative-code/rules/4101/8/4101$8-4-01_eff_3_1_24.pdf",
   "published": "effective March 1, 2024; prior effective dates 5/27/2006, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Federal Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "Flood Zones",
   "url": "https://www.fema.gov/about/glossary/flood-zones",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.2, Flood",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.2.pdf",
   "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.3, Tornado",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.3.pdf",
   "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.4, Winter Storm",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.4.pdf",
   "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Section 2.14, Land Subsidence",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-Section-2.14.pdf",
   "published": "revision dated 2/2024 in the section header"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "Ohio Emergency Management Agency",
   "title": "State of Ohio Enhanced Hazard Mitigation Plan, Table of Contents",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ema.ohio.gov/mip/links/2023/ema-sohmp-TOC_LOA.pdf",
   "published": "Rev. 4/2024"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Preliminary Geologic Radon Potential Assessment of Ohio (in Open-File Report 93-292-E, EPA Region 5)",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1993/0292e/report.pdf",
   "published": "1993"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "United States Department of Energy, Building America Solution Center (Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)",
   "title": "Construct Roofs and Attics for Ice Dam Prevention",
   "url": "https://basc.pnnl.gov/resource-guides/construct-roofs-and-attics-ice-dam-prevention",
   "published": "page states Last Updated 2022-12-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Health",
   "title": "Radon Data (Ohio radon maps), Radon Education and Licensing Program",
   "url": "https://odh.ohio.gov/know-our-programs/radon-education-and-licensing-program/Radon-Data/Radon-Data/",
   "published": "page dated April 21, 2026"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Ohio Laws and Administrative Rules (Ohio Administrative Code)",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code 4101:8 chapter index (Residential Code of Ohio)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "United States Environmental Protection Agency",
   "title": "EPA's Map of Radon Zones: Ohio (EPA 402-R-93-055)",
   "url": "https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/0000081B.PDF?Dockey=0000081B.PDF",
   "published": "1993"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "United States Geological Survey",
   "title": "Floods of January-February 1959 in Ohio (Geological Survey Circular 418)",
   "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1959/0418/report.pdf",
   "published": "1959"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "National Weather Service, Wilmington, Ohio forecast office",
   "title": "Columbus Snowfall Climatology - yearly and seasonal snowfall records for Columbus (CMH)",
   "url": "https://www.weather.gov/media/iln/climo_webpage/SnowSumYear_cmh.pdf",
   "published": "page states Last Update: 2023-08-01"
  }
 ]
}