{
 "page": "what-ohio-made-for-houses-brick-tile-glass-gypsum-and-steel.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/what-ohio-made-for-houses-brick-tile-glass-gypsum-and-steel.html",
 "title": "What Ohio made for houses: brick, tile, pipe, glass, gypsum and the plants that made them",
 "record": "kb-wave-twelve-ohio-building-history-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says the Pennsylvanian-age shales and clays of eastern Ohio are the primary raw material for the state's ceramic industry, with the Mississippian- and Devonian-age shales of northern and central Ohio and the glacial clays of western Ohio as secondary sources.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Pennsylvanian-age shales and clays of eastern Ohio are the primary sources",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the first use of brick by early European settlers in Ohio was in the construction of Campus Martius at Marietta between 1788 and 1791.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Campus Martius at Marietta from 1788 to 1791",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The state geological survey lists the first reported manufacture in Ohio of each clay product: roofing tile in 1814, pressed brick in 1829, fire brick in 1841, terra cotta and drain tile in 1859, sewer pipe in 1868, sanitary and decorative encaustic tiling in 1879, and paving brick in 1885.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "terra cotta-1859, drain tile-1859, sewer pipe-1868",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Ohio mined 2.0 million tons of clay and shale in 2003, ranking fifth nationally, and that the greatest annual production on record was 7.1 million tons in 1999.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio mined 2.0 million tons of clay and shale in 2003, ranking 5th nationally",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "1999 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries, with Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators, compiled by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/IM1_1999_Wolfe.pdf",
     "published": "2000"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the largest single use of Ohio clay and shale in 2003, 52 percent of it, was common clay products such as building bricks, and names Licking, Marion, Columbiana and Richland Counties as important brick-producing areas besides Tuscarawas County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "brick-producing areas are in Licking, Marion, Columbiana, and Richland Counties",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Parma Heights calls Ohio a leader in the manufacture of brick paving blocks, the U.S. Geological Survey reported Ohio the leading producer of vitrified paving brick in 1910, and the Ohio Division of Geological Survey says the paving brick industry flourished in Ohio from the 1880s until the 1930s.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "flourished in Ohio from the 1880's until the 1930's",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 49-18, First Brick Rural Road in U.S., Cuyahoga County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/49-18-first-brick-rural-road-in-u-s/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1910, Part II - Nonmetals; chapter Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pages 537-600, and the chapter on Portland cement",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/mineralresources021910",
     "published": "1911"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says nearly all paving bricks in Ohio were produced east or south of Columbus, because the alluvial drift materials of western Ohio are too fine grained and have too short a firing range to produce a large brick.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "nearly all paving bricks in Ohio were produced east or south of Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the first bricks used for road surfacing in Ohio were made in Newell, West Virginia, and were laid on part of Third Street in Steubenville in 1884, and that the first paving bricks manufactured in Ohio were made at Malvern, in Carroll County, in the summer of 1885.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The first paving bricks manufactured in Ohio were made at Malvern",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the Hocking Clay Manufacturing Company of Logan, in Hocking County, supplied enough of its Hayden Block in 1885 to pave 3,704 square yards of Lexington Avenue in Columbus, and that by 1893 it had supplied block for 345,347 square yards of pavement on 38 streets in the capital city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to pave 3,704 square yards of Lexington Avenue in Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says those salt-glazed blocks, more than a hundred years old, can still be seen in the streets of German Village south of downtown Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "can still be seen in the streets of German Village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the Hocking Clay Manufacturing Company later moved to Haydenville, in Hocking County.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Company later moved to Haydenville (Hocking County)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Nelsonville pavers, made in the Hocking River valley in northwestern Athens County from Lower Kittanning fireclay, are known for their salt-glazed surfaces, and that some of the old kilns and stacks of the Nelsonville Brick Company are preserved at Brick Kiln Park.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "of the Nelsonville Brick Company are preserved at Brick Kiln Park",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Haydenville says the village was founded by and named for the Columbus industrialist Peter Hayden, who lived from 1806 to 1888, and that the incorporation of the Haydenville Mining and Manufacturing Company in 1882 began the manufacture of brick and ceramic tile from fire clay there.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "initiated the manufacture of brick and ceramic tile from fire clay",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 4-37, Historic Haydenville / Haydenville Historic District, Hocking County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/4-37-historic-haydenville-haydenville-historic-district/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The same marker says Haydenville was built in several phases using its own clay products, with brick homes on the east side of town dating to the 1870s and most of the tile block homes to the 1880s and 1890s, many of them using sewer pipe, silo tiles and paving blocks as details.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "built in several phases using its own readily available clay products",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 4-37, Historic Haydenville / Haydenville Historic District, Hocking County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/4-37-historic-haydenville-haydenville-historic-district/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The same marker says Haydenville was sold to the National Fireproofing Company in 1906 and stayed company-owned until 1964, and that the Haydenville Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "sold to the National Fireproofing Company (Natco) in 1906",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 4-37, Historic Haydenville / Haydenville Historic District, Hocking County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/4-37-historic-haydenville-haydenville-historic-district/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Canton, in Stark County, became known as the paving brick capital of the world, with no fewer than nine plants making pavers in the area, and that the Belden Brick Company started out making paving block near Canton as the Canton Brick Company.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "paving brick capital of the world",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says that by the 1930s cement and asphalt were overtaking brick, roads could be laid faster with other materials, and the demand for paving brick was gone, with most surviving plants converting to some other form of clay working.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the demand for paving brick was gone",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at Uhrichsville says clay led to the formation of more than 30 clay plants in Tuscarawas County making products including brick, flue liners and sewer pipes, that in the industry's heyday the county's plants produced nearly one-fourth of Ohio's clay products, and that the decline of the sewer pipe industry began with the wide use of plastic pipe.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the clay plants produced nearly one-fourth of Ohio's clay products",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 14-79, Uhrich's Mill 1806 / Clay Capital 1833-1980s, Tuscarawas County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/14-79-uhrichs-mill-1806-clay-capital-1833-1980s/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says ceramic-product plants in the Logan area of Hocking County consumed several hundred tons of Pennsylvanian-age clay a day from the 1880s through the 1950s to make building tile, sewer pipe, drain tile, paving bricks and salt-glazed bricks.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "several hundred tons of Pennsylvanian-age clay daily from the 1880's through the 1950's",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "Vitrified clay sewer pipe is still made by the Logan Clay Products Company at Logan, in Hocking County, and the company's own account says the plant was founded on its current site in 1890.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Ceramic sewer pipe made by the Logan Clay Products Company in Logan, Hocking County",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
     "published": "2005"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Logan Clay Products Company (the company's own record)",
     "title": "About Us, Logan Clay Pipe",
     "url": "https://www.loganclaypipe.com/about-us/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Clay roofing tile was made at New Lexington, in Perry County, and a National Register nomination records a 1912 Roseville house whose hipped roof was covered with tile it says was probably produced by the Ludowici company in nearby New Lexington.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "probably produced by the Ludowici Co., in nearby New Lexington",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (via the National Archives)",
     "title": "Robinson-Ransbottom Pottery: Industrial and Residential Resources, Muskingum County, Ohio, National Register nomination, reference number 80003183",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003183.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ludowici (the company's own record)",
     "title": "History, Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://ludowici.com/ludowici-difference/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "Ludowici's own history says the Celadon Company bought the Imperial Clay Company and its factory at New Lexington, Ohio in 1905, that Ludowici and Celadon consolidated in 1906, and that the plant was then converted into what the company calls the largest clay roof tile plant in the United States.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Celadon Company purchases the Imperial Clay Company",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ludowici (the company's own record)",
     "title": "History, Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://ludowici.com/ludowici-difference/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says that in the last quarter of the nineteenth century the town of Zanesville, Ohio was the largest center for pottery and tile-making in the world, and names the Ohio Encaustic Tile Company, the Mosaic Tile Company, the Zanesville Majolica Company and the J.B. Owens Pottery among its factories.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the largest center for pottery and tile-making in the world",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40, Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors, by Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Zanesville Museum of Art",
     "title": "The History of the Zanesville Museum of Art",
     "url": "https://www.zanesvilleart.org/history",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The American Encaustic Tiling Company was established at Zanesville in 1876.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "was founded in Zanesville, Ohio, in 1876",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40, Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors, by Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (record published through Ohio Memory)",
     "title": "Commemorative tile photograph and related American Encaustic Tiling Company records, collection p16007coll18",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll18/id/263",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Sources do not agree on when the American Encaustic Tiling Company closed: the National Park Service says it was the largest tile company in the world in the early 1930s and closed about 1935 as a result of the Depression, while Ohio Memory's records say the company made tile until the Second World War and closed in 1939.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "it closed about 1935, as a result of the Depression",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
     "title": "Preservation Brief 40, Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors, by Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
     "published": "1996"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (record published through Ohio Memory)",
     "title": "Commemorative tile photograph and related American Encaustic Tiling Company records, collection p16007coll18",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll18/id/263",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Ohio Memory's records say the Mosaic Tile Company was founded at Zanesville in 1894, that it made plain and ornamental tiles and other ceramic goods, and that it closed in 1967.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "founded Mosaic Tile Company, Zanesville, Ohio, in 1894",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (record published through Ohio Memory)",
     "title": "Decorative tile photograph and related Mosaic Tile Company records, collection p16007coll18",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll18/id/267",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Zanesville also had brick companies besides its potteries and tile works, naming the Harris, Townsend and Jones brick works, and that the same high-quality fireclays supplied the pottery and tile industry.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "including the Harris, Townsend, and Jones brick works",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
     "published": "1999"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The Ohio Historical Marker at the Linden Avenue plant says the Roseville Pottery Company was founded at Roseville in 1890, moved to that Zanesville location in 1898, moved all pottery production there by 1917, and closed in 1954 after sixty-four years and four plants, producing pottery made primarily from native Ohio clay.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "moved to this Linden Avenue location in 1898",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 16-60, Roseville Pottery Company 1890-1954 Linden Avenue Plant, Muskingum County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-60-roseville-pottery-company-1890-1954-linden-avenue-plant-2/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "A National Register nomination describes a 1912 house at Roseville built of ironspot brick trimmed with smooth concrete and smooth-dressed stone, and roofed with locally manufactured tile.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "constructed of ironspot brick trimmed with smooth concrete",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (via the National Archives)",
     "title": "Robinson-Ransbottom Pottery: Industrial and Residential Resources, Muskingum County, Ohio, National Register nomination, reference number 80003183",
     "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003183.pdf",
     "published": "1980"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker in Toledo says Edward Drummond Libbey relocated his glass operation from Massachusetts to Toledo in 1888, and that in 1899 Edward Ford established his plate glass factory upriver and developed Rossford as a model company town.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "relocated his glass operation from Massachusetts to Toledo in 1888",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 17-48, The Glass Capital, Lucas County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/17-48-the-glass-capital/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "The same marker says locally developed innovations at Toledo include glass tubing, sheet window glass and fiber glass, and that in the twentieth century Toledo served as corporate headquarters for Owens-Illinois, dated 1929, Libbey-Owens-Ford, dated 1930, and Owens-Corning Fiberglass, dated 1938.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "innovations include glass tubing, sheet window glass, and fiber glass",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 17-48, The Glass Capital, Lucas County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/17-48-the-glass-capital/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker in Newark says the A.H. Heisey and Company produced hand-wrought glass in Newark, Ohio beginning in 1896 and that the plant closed in 1957.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "hand-wrought glass in Newark, Ohio beginning in 1896",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 18-45, A.H. Heisey Glass, Licking County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/18-45-a-h-heisey-glass/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "Anchor Hocking's own account says that in 1905 it fired up the first glass plant in Lancaster, Ohio, and that production continues at that original Lancaster location.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1905, we fired up the first glass plant in Lancaster, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Anchor Hocking (the company's own record)",
     "title": "Our Story, The American Spirit That Launched Anchor Hocking",
     "url": "https://www.anchorhocking.com/pages/our-story",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says gypsum was first recognized in Ohio in 1821 by two boatmen on Sandusky Bay in Ottawa County, that a quarry and a combination mill and dock were established by early 1822, and that the town of Gypsum took its name from the quarries.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Gypsum was first recognized in Ohio in 1821",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Marsh and Company opened the first of several underground gypsum mines in 1901 in Portage Township, Ottawa County, and that in 1902 Marsh and Company and the Granite Wall Plaster Company were sold to the United States Gypsum Company.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "were sold to the United States Gypsum Company",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says Ohio gypsum production reached an all-time peak of 562,928 tons in 1928.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "reached an all-time peak of 562,928 tons in 1928",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says that in modern times all of Ohio's gypsum production went to the manufacture of wallboard.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "gypsum production has been used for the manufacture of wallboard",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The state geological survey says the gypsum mine and wallboard plant at Gypsum were shut down in August 2001, ending 180 years of gypsum mining in Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "thus ending 180 years of gypsum mining in Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The state geological survey explains why gypsum board resists fire: the water that is part of gypsum's chemical composition is released as the board's surface reaches the boiling point of water and dissipates the heat, and after about fifteen minutes of exposure to the intense heat of a fire the bound water is released to a depth of a quarter inch.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the water that is part of the chemical composition serves as",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
     "published": "2001"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Fiberglass was made in Ohio during the Second World War: a Library of Congress photograph made for the federal government in February 1942 records fiberglass manufacture in a plant of the Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corporation in Toledo, Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Fiberglass manufacture, Owens-Corning, Toledo, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information Collection)",
     "title": "Fiberglass manufacture, Owens-Corning, Toledo, Ohio, February 1942, item 2017690587",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017690587/",
     "published": "1942-02"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information Collection)",
     "title": "Search result set, glass Ohio, FSA/OWI black-and-white negatives",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=glass+ohio&co=fsa&fo=json",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 17-48, The Glass Capital, Lucas County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/17-48-the-glass-capital/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Owens Corning tells the Securities and Exchange Commission that its research and development is primarily conducted at a Science and Technology Center on about 500 acres the company owns outside Granville, Ohio, in about twenty structures.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "approximately 500 acres of land owned by the Company outside of Granville, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Owens Corning, Form 10-K",
     "title": "Owens Corning Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 2 Properties",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1370946/000137094626000067/oc-20251231.htm",
     "published": "2026-02-25"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Mansfield Plumbing's own timeline says Mansfield Sanitary Pottery, Inc., of Fredericksburg, Ohio was incorporated on January 24, 1929, that it bought the Perrysville, Ohio pottery plant in 1933 and consolidated operations there, and that it changed its name to Mansfield Plumbing Products in 1976.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Mansfield Sanitary Pottery, Inc. located in Fredericksburg, Ohio is incorporated on January 24",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Mansfield Plumbing Products (the company's own record)",
     "title": "Historical Timeline",
     "url": "https://www.mansfieldplumbing.com/about-mansfield/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Mansfield Plumbing's own description of itself says its sanitaryware is now made at facilities in Mexico and Colombia operated by its parent company and its acrylic bathware at a facility in Henderson, Texas, with its corporate office and distribution center in Ashland, Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "facilities in Mexico and Colombia operated by our parent company Corona",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Mansfield Plumbing Products (the company's own record)",
     "title": "About Mansfield",
     "url": "https://www.mansfieldplumbing.com/about-mansfield/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker at Berea says John Baldwin discovered in the early 1830s that the area's sandstone made grindstones and building stones, that thriving quarries developed in the 1840s and eventually covered nearly 250 acres, and that decreasing demand and the Great Depression closed the last of Berea's quarries in the mid-1930s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "closed the last of Berea's quarries in the mid-1930s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 16-18, Berea Sandstone Quarries / The Big Quarry, Cuyahoga County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-18-berea-sandstone-quarries-the-big-quarry/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker at Amherst says the city developed and prospered around the sandstone industry and its quarries beginning in 1847.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Beginning in 1847, Amherst developed and prospered around the sandstone industry",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 14-47, Sandstone Center of the World, Lorain County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/14-47-sandstone-center-of-the-world/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker at Woodville says the area sits in the center of a large deposit of dolomitic limestone and that Ohio has ranked as high as first nationally in the production of lime and fourth in the production of crushed stone.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio has ranked as high as first nationally in the production of lime",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
     "title": "Marker 6-72, Maumee and Western Reserve Turnpike / Woodville The Lime Center of the World, Sandusky County",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-72-maumee-and-western-reserve-turnpike-woodville-the-lime-center-of-the-world/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The state geological survey's 1999 report says lime produced from Ohio limestone and dolomite came from six operations in Ottawa, Sandusky, Seneca and Wyandot Counties, and that Ohio ranked fourth nationally in lime production out of 34 producing states.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio ranks 4th nationally in the production of lime out of 34 producing states",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "1999 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries, with Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators, compiled by Mark E. Wolfe",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/IM1_1999_Wolfe.pdf",
     "published": "2000"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "Ohio was almost entirely forested when settlers arrived: the Ohio Division of Forestry's own history describes a wilderness landscape nearly 95 percent forested, and Ohio State University's libraries say that when the first permanent settlers arrived at Marietta in 1788 about 95 percent of the state's roughly 24 million acres were covered with forests.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "about 95 percent of the state's approximately 24 million acres were covered with forests",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry",
     "title": "Division of Forestry, by Robert B. Redett and Edward B. Parmer (agency history chapter)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/legacy/chapt_7_forestry.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Ohio State University Libraries",
     "title": "History of Ohio's Forests, Building Ohio State exhibition, Case II",
     "url": "https://library.osu.edu/buildingohiost/actual-exhibition-page/case-ii/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Forestry's history says citizens of southern and eastern Ohio saw widespread clearing in a relatively short period, reportedly from 38 percent of the land in 1870 to 20 percent in 1881, and that this concern led the Ohio General Assembly to establish a State Forestry Bureau in 1885.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "38 percent of the land in 1870 to 20 percent in 1881",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry",
     "title": "Division of Forestry, by Robert B. Redett and Edward B. Parmer (agency history chapter)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/legacy/chapt_7_forestry.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Forestry's history says that in 1942 Ohio had 3,707,958 acres of forest on 14 percent of its total land area, and calls that the approximate low point of Ohio's forest acreage.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "acres oI forest on 14 Percent",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry",
     "title": "Division of Forestry, by Robert B. Redett and Edward B. Parmer (agency history chapter)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/legacy/chapt_7_forestry.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "The U.S. Geological Survey's report for 1910 says Ohio has been the leading clay-working state in the Union since the survey began compiling figures, and that in 1910 Ohio led the country in vitrified paving brick, in sewer pipe and in tile other than drain tile, was third in drain tile behind Iowa and Indiana, and ranked fourth in common brick.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Ohio has been the leading clay-working State in the Union",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1910, Part II - Nonmetals; chapter Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pages 537-600, and the chapter on Portland cement",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/mineralresources021910",
     "published": "1911"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The U.S. Geological Survey says five plants produced Portland cement in Ohio in 1910, at Ironton, Middlebranch, Superior, Baybridge and Castalia, with a sixth at New Boston rebuilding and a seventh at Wellston not in operation that year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Five plants produced Portland cement in Ohio in 1910",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
     "title": "Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1910, Part II - Nonmetals; chapter Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pages 537-600, and the chapter on Portland cement",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/mineralresources021910",
     "published": "1911"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The Columbus Metropolitan Library's Columbus Memory records say the Nelsonville Brick Company was formed in 1877, that it made patterns including the Nelsonville Block, the Hallwood Block, the Hocking Block and the Star Brick, and that an increase in the use of concrete and the difficulties of the Great Depression forced it to close the plant in 1937.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Nelsonville Brick Company was formed in 1877",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
     "title": "Nelsonville Brick Company, Edward Orton Jr. lantern-slide collection, Columbus Memory record 154508",
     "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/154508/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "An Ohio Guide record held by the Ohio History Connection says the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Company plant at 400 Case Avenue in Newark occupies the former Owens-Illinois works, which were purchased in 1933 to provide spun-glass and glass fiber research facilities, and that during the 1930s and 1940s the company manufactured glass wool insulation for battleships, refrigerators and houses; the federal Toxics Release Inventory still lists an open Owens Corning insulating systems facility at that address in Licking County.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "the factory was purchased in 1933, to provide spun-glass and glass fiber research facilities",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Guide Photographs, published through Ohio Memory)",
     "title": "Owens-Corning Fiberglas Company Plant, Ohio Guide Photographs, State Archives Series 1039 AV, record 6966",
     "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p267401coll34/id/6966/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Envirofacts, Toxics Release Inventory)",
     "title": "TRI facility record 43055WNSCRCASEA, Owens Corning Insulating Systems LLC Newark OH Facility",
     "url": "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/tri_facility/tri_facility_id/43055WNSCRCASEA/JSON",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C25",
   "a": "The American Encaustic Tiling Company closed about 1935, as a result of the Depression",
   "a_source": "S25 (National Park Service, Preservation Brief 40)",
   "b": "Aetco closed in 1939, having made tile from the Victorian period until World War II",
   "b_source": "S16 (Ohio Memory, Ohio History Connection)",
   "printed": "print both, each attributed to its publisher in the sentence. Two federal and state bodies disagree by four years and neither shows its working; the page says so rather than choosing."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C44",
   "a": "Ohio's Capitol is among many structures constructed of Berea sandstone",
   "a_source": "S06 (Ohio Historical Marker 16-18, Berea)",
   "b": "The Ohio Statehouse is a masonry building made largely of Columbus limestone taken from a quarry on the west bank of the Scioto River",
   "b_source": "kb-wave-ten who-shaped-central-ohio-houses-by-era C03 and C43 (Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board; Ohio Division of Geological Survey)",
   "printed": "print neither as an exclusive claim. The two statements are not strictly contradictory - a building can be largely one stone and partly another - but nothing read this wave establishes where Berea sandstone sits in the Statehouse. The page prints the Columbus limestone claim as kb-wave-ten verified it, and leaves the Berea marker's list of buildings out."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C3",
   "a": "Sanitary and decorative (encaustic) tiling was first manufactured in Ohio in 1879",
   "a_source": "S12 (Ohio Division of Geological Survey, Educational Leaflet 12)",
   "b": "The American Encaustic Tiling Company was established at Zanesville in 1876",
   "b_source": "S25 and S16 (National Park Service; Ohio Memory)",
   "printed": "print both without calling it a contradiction. 'First reported manufacture' is not the same fact as a company's founding, and a tile works can be established some years before it reports production. If the page prints the 1879 date at all it prints the survey's exact phrase."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C46",
   "a": "Ohio has ranked as high as first nationally in the production of lime, undated, the marker's words being 'In recent years'",
   "a_source": "S05 (Ohio Historical Marker 6-72, Woodville)",
   "b": "Ohio ranks 4th nationally in the production of lime out of 34 producing states, 1999",
   "b_source": "S13 (Ohio Division of Geological Survey, 1999 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries, footnoted to the U.S. Geological Survey)",
   "printed": "Print the dated figure. The state survey's fourth place in 1999 is a measured, dated, sourced rank and it is what the page states as fact. The marker's 'as high as first nationally' is undated, says only 'in recent years', and is a superlative, so under the wave's superlative rule it prints only inside quotation marks with the marker named and with the survey's dated figure beside it, or it does not print at all. The two are not necessarily in conflict, because a state can have ranked first in some earlier year and fourth in 1999, but nothing read this wave says which year the marker means, and the page must not guess."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 17-48, The Glass Capital, Lucas County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/17-48-the-glass-capital/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 18-45, A.H. Heisey Glass, Licking County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/18-45-a-h-heisey-glass/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 4-37, Historic Haydenville / Haydenville Historic District, Hocking County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/4-37-historic-haydenville-haydenville-historic-district/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S04",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 14-79, Uhrich's Mill 1806 / Clay Capital 1833-1980s, Tuscarawas County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/14-79-uhrichs-mill-1806-clay-capital-1833-1980s/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S05",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 6-72, Maumee and Western Reserve Turnpike / Woodville The Lime Center of the World, Sandusky County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/6-72-maumee-and-western-reserve-turnpike-woodville-the-lime-center-of-the-world/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S06",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 16-18, Berea Sandstone Quarries / The Big Quarry, Cuyahoga County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-18-berea-sandstone-quarries-the-big-quarry/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 14-47, Sandstone Center of the World, Lorain County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/14-47-sandstone-center-of-the-world/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 49-18, First Brick Rural Road in U.S., Cuyahoga County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/49-18-first-brick-rural-road-in-u-s/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection, Ohio Historical Marker program (Remarkable Ohio)",
   "title": "Marker 16-60, Roseville Pottery Company 1890-1954 Linden Avenue Plant, Muskingum County",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/16-60-roseville-pottery-company-1890-1954-linden-avenue-plant-2/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Gypsum in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe, Ohio Geology 2001, No. 4",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_2001_n4.pdf",
   "published": "2001"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "The Paving Brick Industry in Ohio, by Steven D. Blankenbeker, Ohio Geology 1999, No. 3",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/OGN_1999_n3.pdf",
   "published": "1999"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Educational Leaflet No. 12, Clay and Shale in Ohio, by Mark E. Wolfe",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EL12_Wolfe_2005.pdf",
   "published": "2005"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "1999 Report on Ohio Mineral Industries, with Directories of Reporting Coal and Industrial Mineral Operators, compiled by Mark E. Wolfe",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/IM1_1999_Wolfe.pdf",
   "published": "2000"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry",
   "title": "Division of Forestry, by Robert B. Redett and Edward B. Parmer (agency history chapter)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/legacy/chapt_7_forestry.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "The Ohio State University Libraries",
   "title": "History of Ohio's Forests, Building Ohio State exhibition, Case II",
   "url": "https://library.osu.edu/buildingohiost/actual-exhibition-page/case-ii/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (record published through Ohio Memory)",
   "title": "Commemorative tile photograph and related American Encaustic Tiling Company records, collection p16007coll18",
   "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll18/id/263",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (record published through Ohio Memory)",
   "title": "Decorative tile photograph and related Mosaic Tile Company records, collection p16007coll18",
   "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p16007coll18/id/267",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, National Register of Historic Places (via the National Archives)",
   "title": "Robinson-Ransbottom Pottery: Industrial and Residential Resources, Muskingum County, Ohio, National Register nomination, reference number 80003183",
   "url": "https://catalog.archives.gov/medialz/electronic-records/rg-079/NPS_OH/80003183.pdf",
   "published": "1980"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "Ludowici (the company's own record)",
   "title": "History, Historical Timeline",
   "url": "https://ludowici.com/ludowici-difference/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Logan Clay Products Company (the company's own record)",
   "title": "About Us, Logan Clay Pipe",
   "url": "https://www.loganclaypipe.com/about-us/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Mansfield Plumbing Products (the company's own record)",
   "title": "Historical Timeline",
   "url": "https://www.mansfieldplumbing.com/about-mansfield/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "Mansfield Plumbing Products (the company's own record)",
   "title": "About Mansfield",
   "url": "https://www.mansfieldplumbing.com/about-mansfield/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Anchor Hocking (the company's own record)",
   "title": "Our Story, The American Spirit That Launched Anchor Hocking",
   "url": "https://www.anchorhocking.com/pages/our-story",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Owens Corning, Form 10-K",
   "title": "Owens Corning Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 2 Properties",
   "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1370946/000137094626000067/oc-20251231.htm",
   "published": "2026-02-25"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, Technical Preservation Services",
   "title": "Preservation Brief 40, Preserving Historic Ceramic Tile Floors, by Anne E. Grimmer and Kimberly A. Konrad",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-40-ceramic-tile-floors.pdf",
   "published": "1996"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information Collection)",
   "title": "Fiberglass manufacture, Owens-Corning, Toledo, Ohio, February 1942, item 2017690587",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017690587/",
   "published": "1942-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division (Farm Security Administration / Office of War Information Collection)",
   "title": "Search result set, glass Ohio, FSA/OWI black-and-white negatives",
   "url": "https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=glass+ohio&co=fsa&fo=json",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "Zanesville Museum of Art",
   "title": "The History of the Zanesville Museum of Art",
   "url": "https://www.zanesvilleart.org/history",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "U.S. Geological Survey",
   "title": "Mineral Resources of the United States, Calendar Year 1910, Part II - Nonmetals; chapter Clay-working industries, by Jefferson Middleton, pages 537-600, and the chapter on Portland cement",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/mineralresources021910",
   "published": "1911"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "Columbus Metropolitan Library (Columbus Memory)",
   "title": "Nelsonville Brick Company, Edward Orton Jr. lantern-slide collection, Columbus Memory record 154508",
   "url": "https://digital-collections.columbuslibrary.org/digital/collection/memory/id/154508/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection (Ohio Guide Photographs, published through Ohio Memory)",
   "title": "Owens-Corning Fiberglas Company Plant, Ohio Guide Photographs, State Archives Series 1039 AV, record 6966",
   "url": "https://ohiomemory.org/digital/collection/p267401coll34/id/6966/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Envirofacts, Toxics Release Inventory)",
   "title": "TRI facility record 43055WNSCRCASEA, Owens Corning Insulating Systems LLC Newark OH Facility",
   "url": "https://data.epa.gov/efservice/tri_facility/tri_facility_id/43055WNSCRCASEA/JSON",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}