{
 "page": "what-wiring-a-central-ohio-house-has-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/what-wiring-a-central-ohio-house-has-by-era.html",
 "title": "What wiring a Central Ohio house has, era by era",
 "record": "kb-wave-thirteen-codes-wiring-floods-and-heating-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The National Electrical Code's first edition was published in 1897 as the rules and requirements of the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and it described itself as the joint work of electrical, insurance, architectural and allied interests rather than of one body.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "EDITION OF 1897.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Board of Fire Underwriters, scanned by the Internet Archive",
     "title": "National Electrical Code, First Edition 1897",
     "url": "https://archive.org/download/00701897/0070-1897.pdf",
     "published": "1897"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The National Electrical Code is revised every three years, so a house carries the rules of the edition in force when it was wired.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "One of the main reasons the NEC is updated every three years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The federal rehabilitation guide calls knob-and-tube the first widely used electrical system and dates it from the 1890s to 1920.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Knob-and-tube was the first widely used electrical system, prevalent from the 1890s to 1920",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The same department's inspection guide calls knob-and-tube the oldest wiring system that may still be acceptable and says it is still found fairly often in houses built before 1930.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "still found fairly often in houses built before 1930, is \"knob and tube.\"",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "A home inspectors' association columnist puts the method's common period from the early 1900s to the 1930s and says a house built as late as the early 1970s could carry it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "any time from the early 1900s to the 1930s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "Knob-and-tube is two wires held about an inch off studs and joists by porcelain knobs, with porcelain tubes where a wire passes through framing.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "nonconducting porcelain knobs hold wire 1\" off the surface of studs and joists",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "Articles 366 through 364, by Randy Hunter",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/2014/julyaugust-2014/articles-366-through-364/",
     "published": "2014-07-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "The system carried no grounding conductor and its outlets were not polarized.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "This system contained no ground and the outlets were not polarized.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The federal inspection guide says knob-and-tube can be an acceptable wiring system and is still legal in many localities where it is properly installed, has adequate capacity and is in good condition.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "it can be an acceptable wiring system and is still legal in many localities",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The electrical code still permits the method in a place that already has it, and by special permission, under Section 394.10.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "it is still allowed to use this type of installation in existing locations",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "Articles 366 through 364, by Randy Hunter",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/2014/julyaugust-2014/articles-366-through-364/",
     "published": "2014-07-11"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Beginning with the 1987 edition the code barred the method from wall and ceiling cavities filled with loose, filled or foamed-in-place insulating material that envelops the conductors.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "beginning with the 1987 NEC this wiring method cannot be used",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "Inspecting Electrical Renovations, by Frederic P. Hartwell",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/2003/march2003/inspecting-electrical-renovations/",
     "published": "2003-03-16"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The federal weatherization program will not answer whether insulation may go over live knob-and-tube: it says not in all cases and sends the question to local code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Not in all cases. The Subgrantee should consult local code requirements",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Energy, Weatherization Assistance Program",
     "title": "Weatherization Assistance Program Health and Safety FAQs, WPN 22-7",
     "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/wpn-22-7-faqs-100323.pdf",
     "published": "2023-10-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "The federal housing agency's appraisal guide says knob-and-tube wiring is acceptable if found to be in good condition and a minimum of 60 amperes, and that an existing 60-ampere service is acceptable where it appears adequate for the appliances present.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Knob and tube wiring is acceptable if found to be in good condition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, HUD Archives",
     "title": "HOC Reference Guide, Electrical and Heating, Chapter 1 Page 1-26",
     "url": "https://archives.hud.gov/offices/hsg/sfh/ref/sfhp1-26.cfm",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "Armored cable, the flexible steel-wrapped cable long called BX, was recognized by the code in 1899 but did not become widespread until 1920 and did not reach major popularity until the late 1920s.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Type AC use did not become widespread until 1920",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "Early armored cable had no separate grounding conductor; the armor itself was the ground.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Early armored cable contained no ground; the armor itself was used as a ground.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "From 1959 the code required every armored cable to carry a slender aluminum bonding strip.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "required that all armored cable contain a slender aluminum bonding strip as a ground",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
     "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
     "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
     "published": "2013-11-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "Nonmetallic-sheathed cable, Type NM, was first recognized by the code in 1926, and it began as two rubber-insulated conductors in a cloth sheath.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Type NM was first recognized by the NEC in 1926",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "The federal guide says the code called for ground conductors in nonmetallic-sheathed cable in 1928, but that ungrounded cable went on being used in some places into the mid-1960s.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "In 1928, the NEC required that ground conductors be installed in NM cable",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "Rubber was the standard wire insulation before 1930; vinyl arrived after 1940, conductor insulation moved from rubber to plastic after the Second World War, and the change from cloth to plastic sheathing was finished in the early 1960s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the transition from cloth to plastic sheathing was completed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "Grounding-type receptacles and the equipment grounding conductor in cable and raceway came in during the mid-1950s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The grounding-type receptacles, along with adding an equipment grounding conductor",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The 1959 edition, at Section 210-22(b), first required grounding-type receptacles in named places: laundry rooms, open porches, breezeways, basements, cellars, workshops, garages and outside walls.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Section 210-22(b) introduced grounding-type receptacles",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The 1962 edition moved the rule to Section 210-21(b) and made every 15- and 20-ampere receptacle on a branch circuit a grounding type.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "all 15- and 20-ampere receptacles on branch circuits have to be the grounded-type device",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
     "published": "2020-11-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The federal inspection guide says it is best for all circuits to be grounded to the panelboard but that the code did not require it before 1965.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "It is best that all circuits be grounded to the panelboard",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "Fuse boxes ran the residential panel market until the late 1950s; circuit breaker panels appeared around 1951 and passed fuse boxes in share during the 1960s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "were introduced around 1951 and became more popular",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "In the early 1900s a house was usually given a 15- or 20-ampere service; as appliances arrived in the 1930s and 1940s, 40- and 60-ampere services became common.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In the early 1900s houses were usually equipped with 15-amp and 20-amp services",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The federal guide states that 100 amperes is the minimum service the code requires for new construction.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Today 100-amp service is the minimum required by code for new construction",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
     "published": "2000-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "The federal inspection guide says a building built before 1980 may be considered to have too few circuits, because current codes call for a separate laundry circuit and a separate circuit for the bathroom receptacle.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Buildings built before 1980 may be considered to have an inadequate number",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "A copper shortage in the mid-1960s moved builders to use aluminum wire on general-purpose 15- and 20-ampere circuits, and the federal inspection guide says it was used in houses primarily during the 1960s and early 1970s.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "A shortage of copper in the mid 1960s caused builders to increase the use",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Repairing Aluminum Wiring, Publication 516",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/516REPAIRINGALUMINUMWIRING.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission says the fire hazard it investigated occurs at connections with aluminum wire, including receptacles, switches, junction boxes and major appliances.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The fire hazard investigated by CPSC occurs at connections with aluminum wire",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Repairing Aluminum Wiring, Publication 516",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/516REPAIRINGALUMINUMWIRING.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Commission accepts three permanent repairs and no others - complete replacement with copper cable, the COPALUM method and the AlumiConn connector - and says none of them applies to the larger aluminum conductors used for service entrance cable, dryers and ranges.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "CPSC approves of only three methods for a permanent repair",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Repairing Aluminum Wiring, Publication 516",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/516REPAIRINGALUMINUMWIRING.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Aluminum and copper-clad aluminum branch conductors were sized one gauge larger than copper: No. 10 and No. 12 for 20- and 15-ampere circuits against copper's No. 12 and No. 14.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Aluminum wire must be one size larger than copper wire in each case",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Repairing Aluminum Wiring, Publication 516",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/516REPAIRINGALUMINUMWIRING.pdf",
     "published": "2011-06"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
     "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
     "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
     "published": "2000-02"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "On March 3, 1983 the Consumer Product Safety Commission announced it was closing a two-year investigation into Federal Pacific Electric Stab-lok residential circuit breakers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "closing its two year investigation into Federal Pacific Electric Stab-lok type residential",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Commission Closes Investigation Of FPE Circuit Breakers And Provides Safety Information For Consumers, Release 83-008",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1983/Commission-Closes-Investigation-Of-FPE-Circuit-Breakers-And-Provides-Safety-Information-For-Consumers",
     "published": "1983-03-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The Commission gave as its reason that the data then available to it did not establish that the circuit breakers pose a serious risk of injury to consumers, and said in the same release that it was unable at that time to link the calibration failures its testing confirmed to the development of a hazardous situation, and that its staff had insufficient data to accept or refute the parent company's position.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "does not establish that the circuit breakers pose a serious risk of injury",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Commission Closes Investigation Of FPE Circuit Breakers And Provides Safety Information For Consumers, Release 83-008",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1983/Commission-Closes-Investigation-Of-FPE-Circuit-Breakers-And-Provides-Safety-Information-For-Consumers",
     "published": "1983-03-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "A note the Commission added to the release in 2011 says it closed the matter without making a determination as to the safety of the breakers or the accuracy of the manufacturer's position.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "without making a determination as to the safety of FPE circuit breakers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Commission Closes Investigation Of FPE Circuit Breakers And Provides Safety Information For Consumers, Release 83-008",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1983/Commission-Closes-Investigation-Of-FPE-Circuit-Breakers-And-Provides-Safety-Information-For-Consumers",
     "published": "1983-03-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "Ground-fault protection entered the code in the 1968 edition for underwater lighting in swimming pools, which is also where the code first defined the device.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "it appeared in the 1968 NEC for underwater lighting fixtures in swimming pools",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders",
     "title": "Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
     "url": "https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/top-priorities/building-codes/arc-fault-circuit-interrupters",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The 1971 edition reached the house from outside in: receptacles within 20 feet of a pool, construction site receptacles, and outdoor receptacles.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "GFCI protection was introduced for outdoor receptacles",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The bathroom came next: the 1975 edition required ground-fault protection for bathroom receptacles, and the 1978 edition added garages.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "bathroom receptacles were required to be provided with GFCI protection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "The 1980s added spas and hot tubs in 1981, then in 1987 hydromassage bathtubs, boathouse receptacles, basement receptacles, and kitchen receptacles within 6 feet of the sink and above the countertop.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "GFCI protection was required for hydromassage bathtubs, boathouse receptacles, and basement receptacles",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The 1990 edition added crawl spaces and narrowed the basement rule to unfinished basements; the 1993 edition added wet bars and required protection when a receptacle is replaced in a place the code now covers; the 1996 edition added accessory buildings and every kitchen countertop receptacle; the 1999 edition added electrically heated floors.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "crawl spaces were added as an area needing GFCI protection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The 2005 edition added laundry, utility and boat hoist outlets; the 2011 edition required the device to be reachable and covered receptacles at sinks other than kitchen sinks; the 2014 edition reached every receptacle within 6 feet of a sink, bathtub and shower areas, laundry areas and dishwashers; the 2020 edition extended protection to receptacles from 125 volts through 250 volts on a single-phase branch circuit.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "all receptacles within 6 feet of dwelling unit sinks would require GFCI protection",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
     "published": "2024-06-30"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The first arc-fault circuit interrupter reached the market in October 1997, and the 1999 edition first required the protection, for branch circuits serving dwelling unit bedrooms, with an enforcement date of January 1, 2002.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "dwelling unit bedrooms needed to be covered by AFCIs as of January 1, 2002",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders",
     "title": "Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
     "url": "https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/top-priorities/building-codes/arc-fault-circuit-interrupters",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "AFCIs - The Journey, by Thomas A. Domitrovich",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/magazine/2018/march2018/afcis-the-journey",
     "published": "2018-04-25"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "New Technology for Preventing Residential Electrical Fires: Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/AFCIFireTechnology.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The 2005 edition stopped accepting the first branch-feeder device and set January 1, 2008 for the change to the combination type.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "January 1, 2008 was established as the date the industry would transition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
     "title": "AFCIs - The Journey, by Thomas A. Domitrovich",
     "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/magazine/2018/march2018/afcis-the-journey",
     "published": "2018-04-25"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The 2008 edition carried arc-fault protection out of the bedroom into family rooms, dining rooms, living rooms, parlors, libraries, dens, sunrooms, recreation rooms, closets, hallways and similar rooms; the 2014 edition added kitchens and laundry areas; the list stayed put in the 2017 and 2020 editions.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "2014 NEC: Kitchens and laundry areas to the list of required areas",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders",
     "title": "Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
     "url": "https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/top-priorities/building-codes/arc-fault-circuit-interrupters",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential code has exactly one electrical chapter, Chapter 4101:8-34, and no chapters numbered 35 through 43.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Chapter 4101:8-34 | Electrical",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Chapter list, Ohio Administrative Code 4101:8, Residential Code of Ohio",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "That chapter's current version took effect April 15, 2024, and the rule page gives its prior effective dates as January 1, 2013, January 1, 2016 and July 1, 2019.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Prior Effective Dates: 1/1/2013, 1/1/2016, 7/1/2019",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The chapter that names the edition, Referenced Standards 4101:8-44-01, is older: it took effect May 27, 2006 and has been amended ten times since, most recently on April 15, 2024.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "5/27/2006, 1/1/2008, 3/31/2008 (Emer.), 6/24/2008, 1/1/2009, 1/1/2013, 7/1/2014",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 | Referenced standards",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-44-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The filed 2024 rule shows the change on its face: the reference to NFPA 70 reads 17 struck out and 23 inserted, so Ohio moved from the 2017 edition to the 2023 edition on April 15, 2024.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "National Electrical Code (as modified in Chapter 34)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 | Referenced standards",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-44-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rules effective July 1, 2019",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_ResidentialCodeofOhioEffectiveJuly1,2019.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "The 2019 Residential Code of Ohio, effective July 1, 2019, referenced the 2017 National Electrical Code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "National Electrical Code",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rules effective July 1, 2019",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_ResidentialCodeofOhioEffectiveJuly1,2019.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 12/14/2018, effective 07/01/2019 (Final File, New)",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_N_RU_20181214_1414.pdf",
     "published": "2018-12-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential electrical chapter now says it incorporates the National Electrical Code including the amendments numbered one through eight listed below it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "including the amendments (1) through (8) listed below",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "One of Ohio's own amendments excuses the branch circuit serving only kitchen countertop receptacles from arc-fault protection, and it was already in the code in 2019.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Branch circuits supplying receptacle outlets installed to serve only the kitchen countertop surfaces",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
     "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rules effective July 1, 2019",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_ResidentialCodeofOhioEffectiveJuly1,2019.pdf",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "Ohio also writes its own outdoor ground-fault rule, with exceptions for lighting outlets and for listed heating, ventilating and air conditioning equipment.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "GFCI protection is not required for listed HVAC equipment.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
     "published": "2024-04-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Houses and other buildings run on the same wiring standard in Ohio but on separate rules: the Ohio Building Code's electrical chapter, 4101:1-27-01, took effect March 1, 2024 and lists prior effective dates of March 1, 1998, January 1, 2002, July 1, 2007, November 1, 2011, January 1, 2016 and November 1, 2017.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Prior Effective Dates: 3/1/1998, 1/1/2002, 7/1/2007, 11/1/2011, 1/1/2016, 11/1/2017",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
     "title": "Rule 4101:1-27-01 | Electrical",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:1-27-01",
     "published": "2024-03-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "Columbus's first street lighting was gas, in 1844, and the city says the first workable lighting system was unveiled at the Ohio State Journal newspaper offices by 1880.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus gets its first streetlights, which are gas powered in 1844",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities, Division of Power",
     "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/Division-of-Power/The-Division-of-Power/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The city says its own power plant went on line in 1899 with a 264 horsepower engine, and that by 1910 the division was making power available to public buildings and commercial businesses downtown.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus' power plant goes on line in 1899 with a 264 horsepower engine",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities, Division of Power",
     "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/Division-of-Power/The-Division-of-Power/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "The Municipal Light Plant building on Dublin Avenue was constructed in 1903, and Columbus Landmarks says it served until it closed in 1977, while the city's own page says the city ceased producing power there by the end of the 1980s.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "The Columbus Municipal Light Plant was constructed in 1903",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Columbus Landmarks",
     "title": "History of Municipal Light Plant, by Ed Lentz",
     "url": "https://columbuslandmarks.org/history-of-municipal-light-plant/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities, Division of Power",
     "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/Division-of-Power/The-Division-of-Power/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "In 1936 nine farmers from Fairfield, Perry and Pickaway counties formed the electric cooperative that became South Central Power, which set its first pole in Fairfield County that September and energized its first lines at Christmas, serving 288 members.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the cooperative set its first pole in Fairfield County in September 1936",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "South Central Power Company",
     "title": "Who We Are",
     "url": "https://www.southcentralpower.com/about-us/who-we-are/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "A Bowling Green State University master's thesis on Ohio's electrification reports that 64.5 percent of the state's 233,783 farms had electric power by 1940, citing a 1942 volume of The History of the State of Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In Ohio, 64.5 percent of the state's 233,783 farms also had electric power",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Bowling Green State University, OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center",
     "title": "Lighting Up the Darkness: Electrification in Ohio, 1879-1945, by Kevin L. Moore",
     "url": "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=bgsu1363379469&disposition=inline",
     "published": "2013-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C57",
   "claim": "In 1940, 90.6 percent of Ohio dwelling units reporting lighting equipment had electric lighting; 8.2 percent still used kerosene or gasoline and 0.8 percent gas.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "NUMBER OF ROOMS AND LIGHTING EQUIPMENT BY OCCUPANCY, TENURE, AND COLOR OF",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II, General Characteristics, Part 4, Nebraska-Pennsylvania, Ohio chapter",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4.zip",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "The state figure hides the divide: in 1940, 98.2 percent of Ohio's urban dwelling units had electric lighting, against 86.8 percent rural-nonfarm and 59.3 percent rural-farm.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Percent with electric lighting",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II, General Characteristics, Part 4, Nebraska-Pennsylvania, Ohio chapter",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4.zip",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "Franklin County was ahead of the state in 1940: 97.5 percent of its dwelling units reporting lighting equipment had electric lighting, and the City of Columbus 98.4 percent.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Percent with electric lighting",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II, General Characteristics, Part 4, Nebraska-Pennsylvania, Ohio chapter",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4.zip",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C60",
   "claim": "Inside Franklin County in 1940 the suburbs were fully wired and the countryside was not: Bexley and Grandview Heights read 100.0 percent, Upper Arlington 99.9 and Westerville 99.3, against 93.3 percent of the county's rural-nonfarm units and 87.2 percent of its rural-farm units.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Percent with electric lighting",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II, General Characteristics, Part 4, Nebraska-Pennsylvania, Ohio chapter",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4.zip",
     "published": "1943"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C61",
   "claim": "The Commission told a House subcommittee in 1978 that it was addressing residential aluminum wiring systems manufactured between 1965 and 1973.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "manufactured between 1965 and 1973",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Testifies On Residential Aluminum Wiring, Release 78-043",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1978/CPSC-Testifies-On-Residential-Aluminum-Wiring",
     "published": "1978-06-05"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C62",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential code referenced the 2011 National Electrical Code from January 1, 2013, when the Board of Building Standards' referenced standards rule took that form.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "National Electrical Code (including TIA 11-1)",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 05/29/2012, effective 01/01/2013 (Final File, New)",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_N_RU_20120529_1333.pdf",
     "published": "2012-05-29"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Filings for Rule Number 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/rules/search/details/338622",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C63",
   "claim": "The rule filed December 7, 2015 changed that reference from the 2011 edition to the 2014 edition, effective January 1, 2016.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "National Electrical Code",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 12/07/2015, effective 01/01/2016 (Final File, Amendment)",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_A_RU_20151207_1403.pdf",
     "published": "2015-12-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Filings for Rule Number 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/rules/search/details/338622",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C64",
   "claim": "The change to the 2023 edition was filed twice: a final filing of January 29, 2024 would have taken effect March 1, 2024, was withdrawn on February 26, 2024, and was refiled to take effect April 15, 2024.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Filings for Rule Number 4101:8-44-01",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
     "title": "Filings for Rule Number 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards",
     "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/rules/search/details/338622",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C17",
   "a": "The National Electrical Code required ground conductors in nonmetallic-sheathed cable in 1928",
   "a_source": "S32",
   "b": "Grounding-type receptacles and the equipment grounding conductor in cable and raceway came about in the mid-1950s",
   "b_source": "S25",
   "printed": "print both, attributed, and say they differ. The brief's own rule is that an edition year comes from the code body or an inspectors' association, which favors the 1950s account; but HUD's 1928 sentence is a federal publication's and is not dismissible. If only one prints, print the inspectors' association's and drop 1928."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C22",
   "a": "Grounding of circuits to the panelboard was not required by the National Electrical Code prior to 1965",
   "a_source": "S12",
   "b": "The 1962 edition made every 15- and 20-ampere receptacle on a branch circuit a grounding type",
   "b_source": "S25",
   "printed": "print A because the brief requires edition years to come from the code body or an inspectors' association, so 1962 is the code date; HUD's 1965 prints only as HUD's own sentence beside it, or not at all. Note that the two statements are about slightly different things - grounding the circuit versus the receptacle type. VERIFIER 2026-09-07: unchanged, but note the two statements are about different things - grounding the circuit to the panelboard, and the receptacle being a grounding type - which is most of the three-year gap."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C36",
   "a": "Bathroom receptacles required ground-fault protection from the 1975 edition",
   "a_source": "S08",
   "b": "Ground-fault type receptacles in laundries, kitchens and bathrooms were not required before 1990",
   "b_source": "S12",
   "printed": "print A because it is an inspectors' association's edition-by-edition account and HUD's sentence lumps three rooms with three different dates into one year. Do not print HUD's 1990 as a date for the bathroom. VERIFIER 2026-09-07: the Consumer Product Safety Commission's own fact sheet independently gives Bathrooms (since 1975) and Garages (since 1978), so A now has two publishers and HUD's 1990 sentence is the outlier. C36 is upgraded to verified."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C54",
   "a": "The Municipal Light Plant closed in 1977",
   "a_source": "S16",
   "b": "By the end of the 1980s the city had ceased to produce power at the Dublin Avenue plant",
   "b_source": "S15",
   "printed": "print both and say the city and the preservation organization give different dates; the page does not pick one."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C3",
   "a": "Knob-and-tube was prevalent from the 1890s to 1920",
   "a_source": "S32",
   "b": "Knob-and-tube is still found fairly often in houses built before 1930",
   "b_source": "S12",
   "printed": "print both as the same department's two guides, which is what they are; the honest range for a Central Ohio reader is the 1890s to about 1930, and the page should say the federal guides differ on where it ends. VERIFIER 2026-09-07: unchanged; this is one publisher's two reports and the page must say so rather than presenting it as a disagreement between sources."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C13",
   "a": "Armored cable was recognized in 1899 and reached major popularity in the late 1920s",
   "a_source": "S32",
   "b": "BX started becoming popular in the 1930s, as knob and tube waned",
   "b_source": "S31",
   "printed": "print A because it is tier A and gives the code date; the 1930s claim is a home inspectors' columnist's and is not far from HUD's late 1920s. Note the difference once, or not at all."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C35",
   "a": "Ground-fault protection reached outdoor receptacles in the 1971 edition",
   "a_source": "S08",
   "b": "Receptacles outdoors have needed GFCI protection since 1973",
   "b_source": "S33",
   "printed": "print both with both publishers named. Added by the verifier. The Commission's list is headed \"NEC GFCI requirements (and effective date)\", which reads as though its years are effective dates rather than edition years, and the code is known to set delayed effective dates - this sheet's C40 records one - but no source read says so of this rule, so the page may not reconcile them by reasoning. Every other year in the Commission's list agrees with the inspectors' association."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-34-01 | Electrical",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-34-01",
   "published": "2024-04-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 | Referenced standards",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-44-01",
   "published": "2024-04-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
   "title": "Rule 4101:1-27-01 | Electrical",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:1-27-01",
   "published": "2024-03-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S05",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "Repairing Aluminum Wiring, Publication 516",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/516REPAIRINGALUMINUMWIRING.pdf",
   "published": "2011-06"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "Commission Closes Investigation Of FPE Circuit Breakers And Provides Safety Information For Consumers, Release 83-008",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1983/Commission-Closes-Investigation-Of-FPE-Circuit-Breakers-And-Provides-Safety-Information-For-Consumers",
   "published": "1983-03-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
   "title": "The History of GFCI Protection in the NEC, by Joseph Wages, Jr.",
   "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2024-summer/the-history-of-gfci-protection-in-the-nec/",
   "published": "2024-06-30"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "National Association of Home Builders",
   "title": "Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
   "url": "https://www.nahb.org/advocacy/top-priorities/building-codes/arc-fault-circuit-interrupters",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, at codes.ohio.gov",
   "title": "Chapter list, Ohio Administrative Code 4101:8, Residential Code of Ohio",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/4101:8",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
   "title": "Residential Rehabilitation Inspection Guide, Section 5, Electrical System",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/publications/pdf/rehabinspect_3.pdf",
   "published": "2000-02"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "Bowling Green State University, OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center",
   "title": "Lighting Up the Darkness: Electrification in Ohio, 1879-1945, by Kevin L. Moore",
   "url": "https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/ws/send_file/send?accession=bgsu1363379469&disposition=inline",
   "published": "2013-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "1940 Census of Housing, Volume II, General Characteristics, Part 4, Nebraska-Pennsylvania, Ohio chapter",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/1940/housing-volume-2/housing-v2p4.zip",
   "published": "1943"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Public Utilities, Division of Power",
   "title": "History of Streetlights and Municipal Power in Columbus",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Services/Public-Utilities/About-Public-Utilities/Division-of-Power/The-Division-of-Power/History-of-Streetlights-Municipal-Power-in-Columbus",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Columbus Landmarks",
   "title": "History of Municipal Light Plant, by Ed Lentz",
   "url": "https://columbuslandmarks.org/history-of-municipal-light-plant/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Energy, Weatherization Assistance Program",
   "title": "Weatherization Assistance Program Health and Safety FAQs, WPN 22-7",
   "url": "https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2023-10/wpn-22-7-faqs-100323.pdf",
   "published": "2023-10-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "National Board of Fire Underwriters, scanned by the Internet Archive",
   "title": "National Electrical Code, First Edition 1897",
   "url": "https://archive.org/download/00701897/0070-1897.pdf",
   "published": "1897"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards",
   "title": "Residential Code of Ohio, rules effective July 1, 2019",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_ResidentialCodeofOhioEffectiveJuly1,2019.pdf",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
   "title": "AFCIs - The Journey, by Thomas A. Domitrovich",
   "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/magazine/2018/march2018/afcis-the-journey",
   "published": "2018-04-25"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
   "title": "New and Evolving Technologies: The Lifeblood of the NEC, by Chuck Mello",
   "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/issue/2020-november-december/new-evolving-technologies-the-lifeblood-of-the-nec/",
   "published": "2020-11-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, HUD Archives",
   "title": "HOC Reference Guide, Electrical and Heating, Chapter 1 Page 1-26",
   "url": "https://archives.hud.gov/offices/hsg/sfh/ref/sfhp1-26.cfm",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "South Central Power Company",
   "title": "Who We Are",
   "url": "https://www.southcentralpower.com/about-us/who-we-are/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
   "title": "Articles 366 through 364, by Randy Hunter",
   "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/2014/julyaugust-2014/articles-366-through-364/",
   "published": "2014-07-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "International Association of Electrical Inspectors, IAEI Magazine",
   "title": "Inspecting Electrical Renovations, by Frederic P. Hartwell",
   "url": "https://iaeimagazine.org/2003/march2003/inspecting-electrical-renovations/",
   "published": "2003-03-16"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "American Society of Home Inspectors, ASHI Reporter",
   "title": "Old Wiring Methods, by Bruce Barker",
   "url": "https://www.homeinspector.org/reporter-articles/old-wiring-methods/",
   "published": "2013-11-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research",
   "title": "The Rehab Guide, Volume 7: Electrical/Electronics",
   "url": "https://www.huduser.gov/Publications/PDF/vol7.pdf",
   "published": "2000-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "CPSC Fact Sheet: What Is A GFCI?, Publication 099",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/099_0.pdf",
   "published": "2010-09"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "New Technology for Preventing Residential Electrical Fires: Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/AFCIFireTechnology.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "CPSC Testifies On Residential Aluminum Wiring, Release 78-043",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/1978/CPSC-Testifies-On-Residential-Aluminum-Wiring",
   "published": "1978-06-05"
  },
  {
   "id": "S36",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
   "title": "Filings for Rule Number 4101:8-44-01, Referenced standards",
   "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/rules/search/details/338622",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S37",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 05/29/2012, effective 01/01/2013 (Final File, New)",
   "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_N_RU_20120529_1333.pdf",
   "published": "2012-05-29"
  },
  {
   "id": "S38",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 12/07/2015, effective 01/01/2016 (Final File, Amendment)",
   "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_A_RU_20151207_1403.pdf",
   "published": "2015-12-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S39",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, filings at the Register of Ohio",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-44-01 as filed 12/14/2018, effective 07/01/2019 (Final File, New)",
   "url": "https://www.registerofohio.state.oh.us/pdfs/4101/8/44/4101%248-44-01_PH_FF_N_RU_20181214_1414.pdf",
   "published": "2018-12-14"
  }
 ]
}