{
 "page": "who-shaped-central-ohio-houses-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/who-shaped-central-ohio-houses-by-era.html",
 "title": "Who shaped Central Ohio houses, era by era, and what each of them changed",
 "record": "kb-wave-ten-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "Work on the Ohio Statehouse began on July 4, 1839 with the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone, and the building was completed in 1861.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Construction actively began on July 4, 1839 with the ceremonial laying of the cornerstone",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (State of Ohio)",
     "title": "Statehouse - Capitol Square, ohiostatehouse.org",
     "url": "https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C2",
   "claim": "The Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board says prison labor from the Ohio Penitentiary built the Statehouse foundation and ground floors, and that objections from skilled tradesmen changed the hiring practices for the rest of the work.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Prison labor from the Ohio Penitentiary was used to construct the foundation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (State of Ohio)",
     "title": "Statehouse - Capitol Square, ohiostatehouse.org",
     "url": "https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "The Statehouse is a masonry building made largely of Columbus limestone taken from a quarry on the west bank of the Scioto River.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "taken from a quarry on the west banks of the Scioto River",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (State of Ohio)",
     "title": "Statehouse - Capitol Square, ohiostatehouse.org",
     "url": "https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Building Stones in the Vicinity of Capitol Square, Columbus, Ohio (education guide)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EducationGuide_WalkingTourCapitolSquareColumbus_DOGS_2000.pdf",
     "published": "2000"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Columbus Limestone, Ohio History Central (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Columbus_Limestone",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Ohio Division of Geological Survey says that during the early 1800s the Columbus and Delaware Limestones were used extensively for home building in central Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "were used extensively for home building in central Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "GeoFacts No. 32: Dimension Stone in Ohio",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GF32_Stucker_2023.pdf",
     "published": "2023"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C5",
   "claim": "The state geologist wrote in 1915 that quarrying the Columbus limestone dated perhaps from the time the city was settled, and that by then quarrying was one of the largest industries in Central Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Quarrying this rock dates perhaps from the time of settlement",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bownocker, J. A., Building Stones of Ohio, Geological Survey of Ohio Bulletin 18",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/B18_Bownocker_1915.pdf",
     "published": "1915"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "That survey rated the local limestone excellent for foundations and high grade for sills and caps, proven in hundreds of Columbus buildings, and allowed it everything for the walls of houses except, in its own words, pleasure to the eye.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "that of pleasure to the eye",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
     "title": "Bownocker, J. A., Building Stones of Ohio, Geological Survey of Ohio Bulletin 18",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/B18_Bownocker_1915.pdf",
     "published": "1915"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The German Village Society says the neighborhood was platted in 1814 in the South End, developed mainly between 1840 and 1914, and was settled largely by German immigrants in the mid 1800s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It was settled largely by German immigrants in the mid 1800s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History, germanvillage.com",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The German Village Society describes the people who built and filled those houses as bakers, stonecutters, storekeepers, carpenters, tanners, bricklayers and brewery workers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "bakers, stonecutters, storekeepers, carpenters, tanners, bricklayers, and brewery workers",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History, germanvillage.com",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "Joseph Warren Yost and Frank Packard formed their Columbus architectural partnership in 1892, and Yost left for New York in 1899, leaving Packard the whole firm.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Yost moved to New York in 1899, leaving Packard to acquire full interest",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Society of Architectural Historians, SAH Archipedia",
     "title": "Barbara Powers, Toledo and Ohio Central Railroad Station, Columbus, Ohio (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250102160638/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/OH-01-049-0046",
     "published": "2012"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C12",
   "claim": "SAH Archipedia calls Yost and Packard a partnership that helped shape the architectural character of Columbus, known in their seven years together for robust masonry, richly executed ornamentation and tile roofs with flared eaves and polygonal turrets and towers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a partnership that helped shape the architectural character of Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Society of Architectural Historians, SAH Archipedia",
     "title": "Barbara Powers, Toledo and Ohio Central Railroad Station, Columbus, Ohio (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250102160638/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/OH-01-049-0046",
     "published": "2012"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says a Plan Commission was formed in 1907 of an architect, a landscape architect and a sculptor from New York City, a civic advisor from Rochester and an architect from Philadelphia, and that within a year it produced the first known plan for the city.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1907, a Plan Commission composed of an",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Development Department, Planning Division",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says its first City Planning Commission was organized in 1921 and its first zoning code and maps were adopted in 1923.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "first zoning code and maps were",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Development Department, Planning Division",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "The same plan says the commission spent its first twenty years amending zoning maps, and that a planning director was not appointed nor the zoning ordinance comprehensively revised until 1950.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It was not until 1950 that a planning director was",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Development Department, Planning Division",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Historic Preservation Office says the real estate developers Ben and King Thompson began planning and developing Upper Arlington in 1913, and that they followed Garden City design principles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "In 1913, real estate developers Ben and King Thompson began the planning",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 4.0 Design Trends in Ohio, 1940-1970",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
     "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 85002694",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85002694",
     "published": "1985-09-30"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "The National Park Service's National Register record for Ohio Stadium names Howard Dwight Smith as its architect and gives 1921 and 1922 as its significant years.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Architects: Smith,Howard Dwight",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
     "title": "Ohio Stadium, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 74001494",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001494",
     "published": "1974-03-22"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C19",
   "claim": "The Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority completed Poindexter Village, a 400-unit low-rise apartment complex on the Near East Side, in 1940.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "In 1940, the Columbus Metropolitan Housing Authority completed the construction of Poindexter Village",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
     "title": "Poindexter Village History",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/poindexter-village-history/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Ohio State University, eHistory (archived)",
     "title": "House, Home, Community: The History of Poindexter Village",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230211081517/https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibition/history-of-poindexter-village",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Historic Preservation Office says the Colonial Hills subdivision in Worthington was built by the federal Defense Homes Corporation during the early 1940s, as rental housing for defense-plant executives.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "constructed by the DHC during the early 1940s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "The same survey says the Columbus architect Todd Tibbals designed nine house models for Colonial Hills, and that 200 houses were built over the course of the project.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Columbus architect Todd Tibbals designed nine house models",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "That survey says the Colonial Hills houses were prefabricated off site and delivered as kits by rail to the Potter Lumber Company, and that they were finished with sheetrock made by United States Gypsum rather than traditional plaster.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "noteworthy for the use of sheetrock manufactured by United States Gypsum",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The same survey records that the 1942 Defense Homes Corporation deed for Colonial Hills carried a racial occupancy restriction, and that such covenants remained in place until the Fair Housing Act of 1968 nullified them.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "It remained in place until the Fair Housing Act of 1968 nullified such covenants",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "The George Washington Carver Addition in Hanford Village was platted in January 1945 and built between 1945 and 1947 by the Columbus builder and developer Ivan H. Gore: 146 Cape Cod houses for African-American veterans, financed with Federal Housing Administration mortgage insurance.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "A total of 146 houses were built in the Carver Addition",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
     "title": "Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District, National Register registration form, NRIS 13000980",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/13000980_text",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Each house in the Carver Addition had a five-room first floor - a living room, a kitchen or dinette, a bathroom and two bedrooms - with unfinished space above that could be turned into two more bedrooms.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "a five-room configuration with two bedrooms, a living room, a bathroom",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
     "title": "Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District, National Register registration form, NRIS 13000980",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/13000980_text",
     "published": "2013"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C27",
   "claim": "The Lustron Corporation was set up in 1947 as an offshoot of the Chicago Vitreous Enamel Product Company by Carl Strandlund, and production began the next year in a one-million-square-foot former Curtiss-Wright plant beside the Columbus airport.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Chicago Vitreous established an offshoot firm, the Lustron Corporation in 1947",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Historic Preservation Office says the Lustron Esquire prototype was designed by the Chicago architects Morris Beckman and Roy Burton Blass as a 1,025-square-foot, two-bedroom ranch house.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "designed by Chicago architects, Morris Beckman and Roy Burton Blass",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
     "title": "Lustron House at 3498 McKenzie Drive, Macon, Georgia, National Register registration form, NRIS 96000216 (Lustron Houses in Georgia MPS)",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail/602413a1-53c3-440c-bb52-28b3fdb2c2d2",
     "published": "1996-03-18"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Lustron ended in a foreclosure and liquidation in 1951, not in 1950, and the Columbus plant was turned back to defense production for the Korean conflict.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "A foreclosure and liquidation sale was held in 1951",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C31",
   "claim": "Published counts of how many Lustron houses were made do not agree: a National Park Service nomination says 2,498 were produced, Ohio History Central says nearly 2,500 were sold, and the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office's survey says approximately 2,680 were constructed, of which about 1,500 survive.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "one of 2,498 that were produced by the Lustron Corporation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
     "title": "Lustron House at 3498 McKenzie Drive, Macon, Georgia, National Register registration form, NRIS 96000216 (Lustron Houses in Georgia MPS)",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail/602413a1-53c3-440c-bb52-28b3fdb2c2d2",
     "published": "1996-03-18"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
     "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived)",
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "The state preservation office says about 40 Lustron houses in Ohio have been identified through survey and documented on Ohio Historic Inventory forms, the statewide record that has logged more than 97,000 landmark properties since 1974.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "identified through survey and documented on Ohio Historic Inventory",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio History Connection)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern Preserving Our Recent Past (program page)",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/preserving-ohio/survey-inventory/ohio-modern-preserving-our-recent-past/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "The same survey says Huber Homes, a Dayton-area builder, went on to build several thousand houses in other cities including Columbus, and that brick facing became a trademark of its houses.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "building several thousand houses in other cities, such as Columbus",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "The Building Industry Association of Central Ohio says on its own site that it has represented homebuilders, developers and remodelers in the region since 1943.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Since 1943, the Building Industry Association of Central Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Building Industry Association of Central Ohio",
     "title": "About Us, biahomebuilders.com",
     "url": "https://www.biahomebuilders.com/about-us/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "The same association says it has hosted the Parade of Homes since the 1950s, showing new houses across a series of communities.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a tradition that the BIA has hosted since the 1950s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Building Industry Association of Central Ohio",
     "title": "BIA Parade of Homes, biahomebuilders.com",
     "url": "https://www.biahomebuilders.com/bia-parade-of-homes/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says M. E. Sensenbrenner served as mayor for an unprecedented fourteen years and that the aggressive annexation policy pursued under his leadership let the city avoid what it calls suburban land strangulation.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the aggressive annexation policy pursued under his leadership",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Mayor's Office",
     "title": "M. E. Sensenbrenner, City of Columbus Hall of Fame",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Government/Mayors-Office/City-of-Columbus-Hall-of-Fame/M.-E.-Sensenbrenner",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The same plan says the prevailing motivation for annexation, by developers on the suburban fringe and by individual homeowners alike, has been to obtain sewer and water services.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "to obtain sewer and water services",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Development Department, Planning Division",
     "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
     "published": "1993-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "The Ohio Board of Building Standards says the Ohio legislature first authorized construction regulation in 1911, and that although very limited it covered construction, repair, sanitation and fire protection.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Ohio legislature first authorized construction regulation in 1911",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "The Board says the legislature authorized a state building code by administrative rule in 1955 and named the Board of Building Standards as the agency responsible, and that it specifically exempted one-, two- and three-family dwellings and agricultural buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The state legislature specifically exempted 1-, 2-, 3-family dwellings and agricultural buildings",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "The Board adopted the BOCA model codes as the Ohio Basic Building Codes on September 29, 1978, and set them to take effect on July 1, 1979.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Board set an effective date of July 1, 1979, for the OBBC",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "The Board says the BOCA model codes it had used were replaced by the International Code Council family of model codes from the mid 1990s through the early 2000s.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "subsequently replaced by the International Code Council",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Ohio had no statewide building code of its own for houses until May 27, 2006: the General Assembly ordered one in 2005 in an act titled Statewide Uniform Residential Building Code, and every chapter of the Residential Code of Ohio carries May 27, 2006 as its earliest prior effective date.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "to establish a state residential building code",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio General Assembly (Ohio Legislature)",
     "title": "Amended Substitute House Bill 175, 125th General Assembly, Statewide Uniform Residential Building Code, as enrolled",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/125/hb175",
     "published": "2005-05-27"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:8-1-01, Administration (Residential Code of Ohio), Supplemental Information",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-1-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
     "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
     "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C44",
   "claim": "The nonresidential Ohio Building Code reaches much further back in the state's rule book: its administration rule carries prior effective dates beginning July 7, 1969.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "7/7/1969",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Rule 4101:1-1-01, Administration (Ohio Building Code), Supplemental Information",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:1-1-01",
     "published": "2025-10-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "The German Village Commission, which reviews and approves exterior changes to buildings in the German Village Historic District, was established with the district by City of Columbus Ordinances 976-60 and 1221-60 in 1960, and the City Council added Chapter 3325 to the zoning code in 1963, which the German Village Society says gave the commission its design review authority.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "established by Ordinance # 976-60 and 1221-60 in 1960",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Building and Zoning Services",
     "title": "German Village Commission",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History, germanvillage.com",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "The German Village Society says it was created in 1960, the year after Frank Fetch restored a cottage on Wall Street, and that the neighborhood was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "a listing on the National Register of Historic Places on December 30, 1974",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "German Village Society",
     "title": "History, germanvillage.com",
     "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The City of Columbus says Mayor Andrew J. Ginther introduced a proposal in April 2024 to modernize what the city calls its 70-year-old zoning code, creating six new mixed-use zones on 12,300 parcels along the city's busiest streets.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "creating six new mixed use zones on 12,300 parcels of land",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Columbus",
     "title": "Columbus Introduces Zoning Code Proposal Capable of Creating 88,000 Housing Units (news release)",
     "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/News-articles/Columbus-Introduces-Zoning-Code-Proposal-Capable-of-Creating-88000-Housing-Units",
     "published": "2024-04-04"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "M/I Homes tells the Securities and Exchange Commission that it commenced homebuilding activities in 1976, and its own market table gives Columbus, Ohio as the division where operations began in that year.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The Company commenced homebuilding activities in 1976",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - M/I Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
     "title": "M/I Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 1 Business",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/799292/000079929226000006/mho-20251231.htm",
     "published": "2026-02-13"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Dominion Homes told the Securities and Exchange Commission that it traced its homebuilding roots to 1952, when its founder Donald A. Borror built his first house in Columbus.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "We trace our homebuilding roots to 1952 when Donald A. Borror, our founder",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Dominion Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
     "title": "Dominion Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Item 1 Business",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/917857/000119312508050169/d10k.htm",
     "published": "2008-03-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The same filing says the company was organized as an Ohio corporation in October 1993 under the name Borror Corporation, completed its initial public offering in March 1994, and changed its name to Dominion Homes in May 1997.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "organized as an Ohio corporation in October 1993 under the name Borror Corporation",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Dominion Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
     "title": "Dominion Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Item 1 Business",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/917857/000119312508050169/d10k.htm",
     "published": "2008-03-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "In its last annual report, for 2007, Dominion Homes said it delivered about 15.8 percent of all new homes in the Central Ohio market, citing an annual housing report prepared by an unaffiliated Columbus real estate service.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "we delivered approximately 15.8% of all new homes in the Central Ohio market",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Dominion Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
     "title": "Dominion Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Item 1 Business",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/917857/000119312508050169/d10k.htm",
     "published": "2008-03-07"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "The City of Dublin says that in the 1970s Dublin began to change from a rural village into a suburban business center, and names three causes: Ashland Chemical's decision to build there, the decision to put a Dublin ramp on the I-270 outerbelt, and the development of the Muirfield Village Golf Club and residential community.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Dublin began to transform from a rural village into a suburban business center",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "City of Dublin, Ohio",
     "title": "History, dublinohiousa.gov",
     "url": "https://www.dublinohiousa.gov/about-dublin/history/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C57",
   "claim": "The Ohio State Historic Preservation Office says Rush Creek Village in Worthington was begun in 1956 by Richard and Martha Wakefield working with the architect Theodore van Fossen, on Frank Lloyd Wright's design principles.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Begun in 1956, Rush Creek Village has been recognized for its outstanding architectural",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
     "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 4.0 Design Trends in Ohio, 1940-1970",
     "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
     "published": "2010-09-07"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
     "title": "Rush Creek Village Historic District, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 03000760",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000760",
     "published": "2003-08-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C58",
   "claim": "The New Albany Company says its master plan's residential focus promotes what it calls a classic American architectural style based on 500-year-old Georgian Palladianism, and that the plan is carried out in part through design guidelines.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "classic American architectural style based on 500-year-old Georgian Palladianism",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "The New Albany Company",
     "title": "The Vision, newalbanycompany.com",
     "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/about-us/the-vision/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C59",
   "claim": "The New Albany Company's own website gives two different founding years for the company, 1987 on its About Us page and 1986 in a newspaper article it republishes, so neither year is printed as a fact.",
   "status": "conflict",
   "quote": "Founded in 1987 by one of the world",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "The New Albany Company",
     "title": "About Us, newalbanycompany.com",
     "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/about-us/",
     "published": "undated"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "The Columbus Dispatch, republished by The New Albany Company",
     "title": "New Albany thriving, as Wexner and Kessler foresaw",
     "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/new-albany-thriving-as-wexner-and-kessler-foresaw/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C60",
   "claim": "Owens Corning tells the Securities and Exchange Commission that it was founded in 1938 and is based in Toledo, Ohio, and that it makes the fiberglass insulation sold under its own pink brand.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Founded in 1938 and based in Toledo, Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Owens Corning, Form 10-K",
     "title": "Owens Corning Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 1 Business and Item 2 Properties",
     "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1370946/000137094626000067/oc-20251231.htm",
     "published": "2026-02-25"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C61",
   "claim": "Until 2005 the Ohio Board of Building Standards was required only to publish a model code for one-, two- and three-family dwelling houses that a municipality, township or county could choose to adopt; Amended Substitute House Bill 175 replaced that duty with a duty to adopt a state residential building code.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "rules pertaining to one-family, two-family, and three-family dwelling houses",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio General Assembly (Ohio Legislature)",
     "title": "Amended Substitute House Bill 175, 125th General Assembly, Statewide Uniform Residential Building Code, as enrolled",
     "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/125/hb175",
     "published": "2005-05-27"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C62",
   "claim": "The National Park Service's National Register record for the Bank Block Building at 1255 to 1293 Grandview Avenue names Don Monroe Casto as its architect, gives 1928 as its significant year, and lists commerce and community planning and development as its areas of significance.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Casto, Don Monroe",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
     "title": "Bank Block Building, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 97000510",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/97000510",
     "published": "1997-09-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C64",
   "claim": "The Zanesville Museum of Art says Zanesville was the industrial center for art, utilitarian and industrial pottery production by the 1920s, and names the American Encaustic Tiling Company and the Mosaic Tile Company among its large manufacturers.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the American Encaustic Tiling Company, and the Mosaic Tile Company",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Zanesville Museum of Art",
     "title": "History, zanesvilleart.org",
     "url": "https://www.zanesvilleart.org/history",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C31",
   "a": "one of 2,498 that were produced by the Lustron Corporation",
   "a_source": "S32 (National Park Service, National Register nomination, Lustron Houses in Georgia MPS, 1996)",
   "b": "nearly 2,500 homes were sold (Ohio History Central); approximately 2,680 Lustron houses were constructed, of which approximately 1,500 currently survive (Ohio Modern, 2010)",
   "b_source": "S4 and S2 (both Ohio History Connection)",
   "printed": "print the National Park Service's 2,498 produced first and attributed, then the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office's approximately 2,680 constructed with about 1,500 surviving, also attributed. Do not average them and do not pick one silently. The verifier added the National Park Service figure, which is the only Tier A count found and the only one from outside Ohio's own publishers; it agrees closely with Ohio History Central's 'nearly 2,500 sold' and not with the Ohio survey's 2,680. Produced, sold and constructed are three different verbs and no publisher defines its own."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C45",
   "a": "the German Village Commission and Historic District were established by Ordinance # 976-60 and 1221-60 in 1960",
   "a_source": "S15 (City of Columbus, German Village Commission page)",
   "b": "in 1963 the Columbus City Council passed Chapter 3325 of the Columbus Zoning Code, creating the German Village Historic District",
   "b_source": "S21 (German Village Society, History)",
   "printed": "print 1960, the city's year, as a fact rather than as one side of a disagreement. Columbus numbers its ordinances with the year as the suffix, so 976-60 and 1221-60 are 1960 ordinances; the German Village Society's own preceding sentence says the city renamed the area German Village in July of 1960 and that citizens lobbied 'in that same year' for a local commission; and the Society separately dates a DIFFERENT instrument to 1963, Chapter 3325 of the Columbus Zoning Code, which it says gave the commission design review authority. Print both events in that order and the Society's 1963 summary sentence not at all."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C59",
   "a": "Founded in 1987",
   "a_source": "S29 (The New Albany Company, About Us)",
   "b": "Wexner and Kessler formed the New Albany Co. in 1986",
   "b_source": "S37 (a Columbus Dispatch article republished on the same company site)",
   "printed": "print neither year. Write 'in the mid 1980s', which the republished article supports in its own words - it quotes the company's chairman on 'the mid-1980s' - and name the founders as the company names them. The verifier corrected the source pointer: the 1986 statement is not on the Vision page the researcher cited."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C27",
   "a": "Ohio History Central and the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office are separate publishers",
   "a_source": "SCHEMA.md, which lists the preservation office in Tier A and Ohio History Central in Tier B",
   "b": "both are published by the Ohio History Connection, and SCHEMA.md itself says the preservation office is a state office housed there",
   "b_source": "SCHEMA.md, Source tiers and the two-source rule",
   "printed": "treat them as ONE publisher throughout this sheet. Every claim resting only on those two is marked single rather than verified. This is the conservative reading of 'a page and a PDF from the same agency are ONE publisher' and it costs C27, C30 and C31 their verified status."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C25",
   "a": "In 1944 the FHA authorized the construction of four hundred housing units in Columbus, and by 1946 one hundred and forty six Cape Cod style homes were completed",
   "a_source": "S2 (Ohio State Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Modern statewide context, 2010)",
   "b": "The NHA prioritized 400 homes for African Americans in Columbus; the project received tentative FHA approval in July of 1944; housing construction took place from 1945 to 1947",
   "b_source": "S31 (National Park Service, Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District nomination, 2013)",
   "printed": "print the nomination's account, because it is the district's own National Register nomination and it is specific about which federal agency did what: the wartime allocation of 400 homes for African Americans in Columbus came from the National Housing Agency, the Federal Housing Administration gave the project tentative approval in July 1944 and later insured the mortgages, and the houses were built between 1945 and 1947. Both publishers agree on 146 houses and on Ivan Gore, so those may print flatly. Do not print 'the FHA authorized 400 units in 1944' as a bare fact; if the survey's wording is used at all, attribute it to the Ohio State Historic Preservation Office in the sentence."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S1",
   "publisher": "Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board (State of Ohio)",
   "title": "Statehouse - Capitol Square, ohiostatehouse.org",
   "url": "https://www.ohiostatehouse.org/about/capitol-square/statehouse",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S2",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
   "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 3.0 Historic Context",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-3.pdf",
   "published": "2010-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S3",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society)",
   "title": "Ohio Modern: Preserving Our Recent Past, Statewide Historic Context, section 4.0 Design Trends in Ohio, 1940-1970",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/rp-17-4.pdf",
   "published": "2010-09-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S4",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Lustron Corporation, Ohio History Central (archived)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231227184240/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Lustron_Corporation",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S5",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection / Ohio History Central",
   "title": "Columbus Limestone, Ohio History Central (archived)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2023/https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Columbus_Limestone",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S6",
   "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - M/I Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
   "title": "M/I Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 1 Business",
   "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/799292/000079929226000006/mho-20251231.htm",
   "published": "2026-02-13"
  },
  {
   "id": "S7",
   "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Dominion Homes, Inc., Form 10-K",
   "title": "Dominion Homes, Inc. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, Item 1 Business",
   "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/917857/000119312508050169/d10k.htm",
   "published": "2008-03-07"
  },
  {
   "id": "S8",
   "publisher": "U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR) - Owens Corning, Form 10-K",
   "title": "Owens Corning Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, Item 1 Business and Item 2 Properties",
   "url": "https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1370946/000137094626000067/oc-20251231.htm",
   "published": "2026-02-25"
  },
  {
   "id": "S9",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:8-1-01, Administration (Residential Code of Ohio), Supplemental Information",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-1-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Ohio Administrative Code, Ohio Laws (codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Rule 4101:1-1-01, Administration (Ohio Building Code), Supplemental Information",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:1-1-01",
   "published": "2025-10-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards, Ohio Department of Commerce",
   "title": "History of BBS (bbst_BBSAbout.pdf)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/com.ohio.gov/documents/bbst_BBSAbout.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Development Department, Planning Division",
   "title": "Columbus Comprehensive Plan, December 1993",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/files/sharedassets/city/v/1/building-and-zoning/bzs-boards-and-commissions/planning-document-library/columbus-comprehensive-plan.pdf",
   "published": "1993-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Mayor's Office",
   "title": "M. E. Sensenbrenner, City of Columbus Hall of Fame",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Government/Mayors-Office/City-of-Columbus-Hall-of-Fame/M.-E.-Sensenbrenner",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus",
   "title": "Columbus Introduces Zoning Code Proposal Capable of Creating 88,000 Housing Units (news release)",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/News-articles/Columbus-Introduces-Zoning-Code-Proposal-Capable-of-Creating-88000-Housing-Units",
   "published": "2024-04-04"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "City of Columbus, Department of Building and Zoning Services",
   "title": "German Village Commission",
   "url": "https://www.columbus.gov/Business-Development/Building-Zoning-Services/Boards-and-Commissions/Historic-Preservation-Development-Review-Boards-Commissions/German-Village-Commission",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "GeoFacts No. 32: Dimension Stone in Ohio",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/GF32_Stucker_2023.pdf",
   "published": "2023"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Building Stones in the Vicinity of Capitol Square, Columbus, Ohio (education guide)",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/EducationGuide_WalkingTourCapitolSquareColumbus_DOGS_2000.pdf",
   "published": "2000"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey",
   "title": "Bownocker, J. A., Building Stones of Ohio, Geological Survey of Ohio Bulletin 18",
   "url": "https://dam.assets.ohio.gov/image/upload/ohiodnr.gov/documents/geology/B18_Bownocker_1915.pdf",
   "published": "1915"
  },
  {
   "id": "S19",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
   "title": "Ohio Stadium, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 74001494",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74001494",
   "published": "1974-03-22"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Society of Architectural Historians, SAH Archipedia",
   "title": "Barbara Powers, Toledo and Ohio Central Railroad Station, Columbus, Ohio (archived)",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20250102160638/https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/OH-01-049-0046",
   "published": "2012"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "German Village Society",
   "title": "History, germanvillage.com",
   "url": "https://germanvillage.com/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "The Ohio State University, eHistory (archived)",
   "title": "House, Home, Community: The History of Poindexter Village",
   "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230211081517/https://ehistory.osu.edu/exhibition/history-of-poindexter-village",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "Ohio History Connection",
   "title": "Poindexter Village History",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/visit/browse-historical-sites/poindexter-village-history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Ohio State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio History Connection)",
   "title": "Ohio Modern Preserving Our Recent Past (program page)",
   "url": "https://www.ohiohistory.org/preserving-ohio/survey-inventory/ohio-modern-preserving-our-recent-past/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "Building Industry Association of Central Ohio",
   "title": "About Us, biahomebuilders.com",
   "url": "https://www.biahomebuilders.com/about-us/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S26",
   "publisher": "Building Industry Association of Central Ohio",
   "title": "BIA Parade of Homes, biahomebuilders.com",
   "url": "https://www.biahomebuilders.com/bia-parade-of-homes/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S27",
   "publisher": "City of Dublin, Ohio",
   "title": "History, dublinohiousa.gov",
   "url": "https://www.dublinohiousa.gov/about-dublin/history/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S28",
   "publisher": "The New Albany Company",
   "title": "The Vision, newalbanycompany.com",
   "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/about-us/the-vision/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S29",
   "publisher": "The New Albany Company",
   "title": "About Us, newalbanycompany.com",
   "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/about-us/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S30",
   "publisher": "Ohio General Assembly (Ohio Legislature)",
   "title": "Amended Substitute House Bill 175, 125th General Assembly, Statewide Uniform Residential Building Code, as enrolled",
   "url": "https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/legislation/125/hb175",
   "published": "2005-05-27"
  },
  {
   "id": "S31",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
   "title": "Hanford Village George Washington Carver Addition Historic District, National Register registration form, NRIS 13000980",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/13000980_text",
   "published": "2013"
  },
  {
   "id": "S32",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register of Historic Places)",
   "title": "Lustron House at 3498 McKenzie Drive, Macon, Georgia, National Register registration form, NRIS 96000216 (Lustron Houses in Georgia MPS)",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/AssetDetail/602413a1-53c3-440c-bb52-28b3fdb2c2d2",
   "published": "1996-03-18"
  },
  {
   "id": "S33",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
   "title": "Bank Block Building, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 97000510",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/97000510",
   "published": "1997-09-15"
  },
  {
   "id": "S34",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
   "title": "Rush Creek Village Historic District, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 03000760",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000760",
   "published": "2003-08-14"
  },
  {
   "id": "S35",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, NPGallery (National Register Information System)",
   "title": "Upper Arlington Historic District, National Register asset detail, NRIS ID 85002694",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/85002694",
   "published": "1985-09-30"
  },
  {
   "id": "S36",
   "publisher": "Zanesville Museum of Art",
   "title": "History, zanesvilleart.org",
   "url": "https://www.zanesvilleart.org/history",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S37",
   "publisher": "The Columbus Dispatch, republished by The New Albany Company",
   "title": "New Albany thriving, as Wexner and Kessler foresaw",
   "url": "https://newalbanycompany.com/new-albany-thriving-as-wexner-and-kessler-foresaw/",
   "published": "undated"
  }
 ]
}