{
 "page": "windows-and-glass-in-a-central-ohio-house-by-era.html",
 "url": "https://www.openshowerco.com/windows-and-glass-in-a-central-ohio-house-by-era.html",
 "title": "Windows and glass in a Central Ohio house, era by era, and the rules a window meets today",
 "record": "kb-wave-fourteen-inspectors-windows-coal-and-the-counties-2026-09",
 "generated": "2026-09-08",
 "how_to_read": "Every sentence on the page traces to one of these claims. status \"verified\" means two independent publishers state it; \"single\" means one named publisher, named in the page's sentence; \"conflict\" means the documents disagree and the page prints both.",
 "claims": [
  {
   "id": "C1",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says the first windows in early American houses were casement windows, hinged at the side and opening outward, and that single- and double-hung windows came in at the beginning of the eighteenth century.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the first windows in early American houses were casement windows",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1981"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs (index page listing each brief's author and year)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/preservation-briefs.htm",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C3",
   "claim": "In a wooden double-hung window the lower sash comes out once the interior stop is off, the upper sash is held by a parting bead set into a groove in the center of the stile, and the sash cords run over pulleys to weights in a pocket the Park Service says is frequently reachable through a door on the face of the frame near the sill.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The weight pocket is frequently accessible through a door on the face",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1981"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C4",
   "claim": "The Park Service calls replacing the sash cords with new rope cords or with chains one of the most common work items on a wooden window frame.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "replacement of the sash cords with new rope cords or with chains",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1981"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C6",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says historic steel windows dominated the metal window market from 1890 to 1950.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "steel windows that dominated the metal window market from 1890-1950",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs (index page listing each brief's author and year)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/preservation-briefs.htm",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C7",
   "claim": "Metal windows were available as early as 1860 from catalogs published by architectural supply firms but did not become popular until after 1890, and the Park Service gives two reasons: technology borrowed from the rolling industry allowed mass production and made metal windows cost competitive with wooden ones, and a series of urban fires in Boston, Baltimore, Philadelphia and San Francisco led to strict fire codes for industrial and multi-story commercial and office buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "metal windows were available as early as 1860",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C8",
   "claim": "The rolled steel sections were generally an eighth of an inch thick and one to one and a half inches wide, and the same sections made the sash, the frame and the subframe; with wire glass added, the result was a fire-resistant window, and the Park Service says these windows are almost exclusively found in masonry or concrete buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "These rolled steel windows are almost exclusively found in masonry",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C9",
   "claim": "The Park Service says casement windows adapted the English tradition of wrought iron casements with leaded cames for residential use, that rolled steel casements were popular in the 1920s for cottage style residences and Gothic style campus architecture, and that more streamlined casements were popular in the 1930s for institutional and small industrial buildings.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "popular in the 1920s for cottage style residences",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C10",
   "claim": "The Park Service says metal double-hung windows, first made to meet stringent new fire code requirements for manufacturing and high-rise buildings in urban areas and then supplanted in industrial buildings by less expensive pivot windows, regained popularity in the 1940s for use in speculative suburban housing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "regained popularity in the 1940s for",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C11",
   "claim": "The Park Service says the extensive use of rolled steel windows continued until after the Second World War, when cheaper, non-corroding aluminum windows became increasingly popular, and that aluminum windows dominated the market when it published the brief in 1984.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "While aluminum windows dominate the market today, steel windows are still fabricated",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C13",
   "claim": "By 1981 the National Park Service was listing vinyl among the materials a storm window frame could be made of, alongside wood, aluminum and plastic.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Storm window frames may be made of wood, aluminum, vinyl, or plastic",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1981"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C14",
   "claim": "The Energy Information Administration's 2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey put double-pane glass in 77.95 million American homes, single-pane glass in 43.51 million and triple-pane glass in 2.07 million.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Type of glass in windows",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
     "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC2.7, Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
     "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/hc/pdf/HC%202.7.pdf",
     "published": "2023-03 (final data release; preliminary March 2022)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C15",
   "claim": "In the East North Central census division, the five-state group that contains Ohio, the Energy Information Administration's 2020 survey put double-pane glass in 12.43 million homes, single-pane glass in 5.77 million and triple-pane glass in 350,000, out of 18.55 million homes.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
     "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC2.7, Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
     "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/hc/pdf/HC%202.7.pdf",
     "published": "2023-03 (final data release; preliminary March 2022)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C16",
   "claim": "The same Energy Information Administration survey recorded the frame material of American homes' windows as metal or aluminum in 47.40 million homes, wood in 40.31 million, vinyl in 31.85 million, composite in 2.25 million and fiberglass in 1.72 million.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Window frame material",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
     "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC2.7, Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
     "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/hc/pdf/HC%202.7.pdf",
     "published": "2023-03 (final data release; preliminary March 2022)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C17",
   "claim": "In the East North Central division the Energy Information Administration found wood the commonest window frame material, in 7.47 million homes, ahead of vinyl at 5.79 million and metal or aluminum at 4.62 million, with composite at 360,000 and fiberglass at 300,000.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Window frame material",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
     "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC2.7, Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
     "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/hc/pdf/HC%202.7.pdf",
     "published": "2023-03 (final data release; preliminary March 2022)"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C18",
   "claim": "A United States patent for a multi-ply glass sheet glazing unit, applied for on October 12, 1934 and granted on February 18, 1936 to Charles D. Haven of Milwaukee, was assigned to The Thermopane Company of Toledo, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "assignor to The Thermopane Company, Toledo, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "United States Patent and Trademark Office",
     "title": "U.S. Patent 2,030,869, Multi-ply glass sheet glazing unit (Charles D. Haven)",
     "url": "https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/2030869",
     "published": "1936-02-18"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C20",
   "claim": "The National Park Service says a single-glazed storm window may only raise a single-pane window's thermal resistance to R2, which is twice that of the single-glazed window alone, and that using clear, non-tinted, low-emissivity glass in the storm window raises it further.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "increase a single-pane window's thermal resistance to R2",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 3: Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings (Jo Ellen Hensley and Antonio Aguilar)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-03-energy-efficiency.pdf",
     "published": "2011"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs (index page listing each brief's author and year)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/preservation-briefs.htm",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C21",
   "claim": "Preservation Brief 9, published in 1981, cites the 1977 ASHRAE Fundamentals for its window U-values and puts a double-glazed metal window with no thermal break at a U-value of about 0.6, worse than the 0.44 to 0.49 the same passage gives a single-glazed wooden window with a storm window added.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "double-glazed metal window has a U-value of about 0.6",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1981"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C22",
   "claim": "For steel windows the Park Service gave a different pair of numbers: a historic rolled steel sash with single glazing at a U-value of 1.3, falling to 0.69 with storm windows added or with the sash reglazed in five-eighths-inch insulating glass.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "U-value of historic rolled steel sash with single glazing is 1.3",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
     "published": "1984"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C23",
   "claim": "The Park Service says the seal on an insulated glass unit cannot reasonably be expected to last more than 25 years, and that once the seal fails the sash itself will usually need to be entirely replaced.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "it is unreasonable to expect more than 25 years",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 3: Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings (Jo Ellen Hensley and Antonio Aguilar)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-03-energy-efficiency.pdf",
     "published": "2011"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C24",
   "claim": "The Park Service says the Department of Energy has documented that air loss attributable to windows in most buildings is only about 10 percent of a building's total air loss, and that this varies from building to building.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "air loss attributable to windows in most buildings is",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
     "title": "Preservation Briefs 3: Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings (Jo Ellen Hensley and Antonio Aguilar)",
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-03-energy-efficiency.pdf",
     "published": "2011"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C25",
   "claim": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's own account says low-emissivity coatings had been around since the Second World War in specialty applications such as oven windows, and that federal funding after the energy crisis of the early 1970s went into finding out whether the same technology could make building windows more efficient.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Low-e coatings had been around since World War II, in specialty applications",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Building Technology and Urban Systems (U.S. Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Low-e Windows and Five Decades of Development: Saving Consumers Billions in Energy Costs",
     "url": "https://windows.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/low%20e%20windows.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C26",
   "claim": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory dates the first commercial low-emissivity product to 1981, a transparent film installed between the panes of a multi-pane window, and says that by 1988 20 percent of all windows sold in the United States had a low-emissivity coating.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "This first commercial low-e product was introduced to the market in 1981",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Building Technology and Urban Systems (U.S. Department of Energy)",
     "title": "Low-e Windows and Five Decades of Development: Saving Consumers Billions in Energy Costs",
     "url": "https://windows.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/low%20e%20windows.pdf",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C28",
   "claim": "Berkeley Lab says conventional triple-pane windows have existed on the market since the early 1980s but were not widely adopted, because they needed wider and heavier frames.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Conventional triple-pane windows have existed on the market since the early 1980s",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Windows and Daylighting (U.S. Department of Energy)",
     "title": "High-Performance Window Demonstrates Berkeley Lab-to-Market Success",
     "url": "https://windows.lbl.gov/news/article/high-performance-window-demonstrates",
     "published": "2021-03-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C29",
   "claim": "The Owens-Illinois Glass Company sold glass block under the name Insulux: the Smithsonian holds the company's own sales literature for it dated from 1937, including a 1939 piece addressed to the home, and a National Register nomination records Insulux block by Owens-Illinois in a movie theater built in 1939.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "O-I Insulux glass block admits light, retards heat. 1937",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Smithsonian Libraries and Archives",
     "title": "[Collected sales literature on Insulux glass blocks], Owens-Illinois Glass Company",
     "url": "https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_117229",
     "published": "1937"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (National Register of Historic Places)",
     "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, The Senator Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland",
     "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/feb460a2-6f9f-45ed-8773-4247814a25d1",
     "published": "1989"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C30",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential code still carries a section for glass block, Section 607: hollow glass units are to be partially evacuated with a minimum average glass face thickness of three-sixteenths of an inch, a standard unit is not less than three and seven-eighths inches thick and a thin unit not less than three and one-eighth inches hollow or three inches solid, an interior standard-unit panel may be no larger than 250 square feet, and the use of reclaimed units is prohibited.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The use of reclaimed units is prohibited.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-6-01, Wall construction (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 6, Section 607 Glass Unit Masonry)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-6-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C32",
   "claim": "Glass block gets its own place in two other parts of Ohio's code: glass unit masonry built to Section 607 is excepted from the human impact load test that other glazing must pass, and the energy chapter gives glazed block a default U-factor of 0.60 where the product carries no rated label.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Glass unit masonry complying with Section 607",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C33",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker in Findlay says that after the town's first natural gas well in 1884 and the Great Karg Well in 1886, the industries drawn there by free or cheap gas included eight window glass factories, along with two bottle, two chimney lamp, one light bulb, one novelty and five tableware glass factories.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "They included eight window, two bottle, two chimney lamp",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historical Marker program, Ohio History Connection",
     "title": "Marker 21-32, The Glass Industry of Findlay (Hancock County)",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/21-32-the-glass-industry-of-findlay/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C34",
   "claim": "An Ohio Historical Marker in Fostoria says more than a dozen companies made glass there between 1887 and 1920 after gas was found nearby in the mid 1880s, and that what they produced included windows, bottles, tableware, lamps, shades and electric incandescent lamps.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "These companies produced windows, bottles, tableware, lamps, shades",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Historical Marker program, Ohio History Connection",
     "title": "Marker 5-74, Fostoria, Ohio - Home of Fostoria Glass (Seneca County)",
     "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/5-74-fostoria-ohio-home-of-fostoria-glass/",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C35",
   "claim": "Columbus milled its own sash: the Columbus city directory G. J. Brand & Co. published for 1879 carried a classified heading for sash, door and blind manufacturers with nine firms listed under it, five of them on or at the corner of Water and Spring streets by the river, and the directory R. L. Polk & Co. published for 1913 still carried headings for sash, doors and blinds, by then listing lumber and supply firms rather than a list of mills.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Sash, Door and Blind Manufac",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "G. J. Brand & Co., Columbus (read on the Internet Archive)",
     "title": "Columbus City Directory for 1879",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/columbusohiocity00unse_3",
     "published": "1879"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "R. L. Polk & Co. (read on the Internet Archive)",
     "title": "Columbus, Ohio City Directory, 1913",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/columbusohiocity00unse_1",
     "published": "1913"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C36",
   "claim": "Ohio's residential code asks a habitable room for an aggregate glazing area of not less than 8 percent of its floor area, and an openable area to the outdoors of not less than 4 percent, unless the room has a whole-house mechanical ventilation system and artificial light averaging 6 footcandles.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Habitable rooms shall have an aggregate glazing area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C37",
   "claim": "Ohio's code names seven hazardous locations for glazing, in Sections 308.4.1 through 308.4.7: in doors; next to doors; in large windows near a walking surface; in guards and railings; at wet surfaces; next to stairs and ramps; and next to the bottom stair landing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Glazing in fixed and operable panels of swinging",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C38",
   "claim": "The wet-surface rule is the one that reaches a bathroom: Ohio's code counts glazing in walls, enclosures or fences containing or facing hot tubs, spas, whirlpools, saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs, showers and swimming pools as a hazardous location where its bottom exposed edge is less than 60 inches above any standing or walking surface, and it says the rule applies to single glazing and to each pane in multiple glazing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "showers and indoor or outdoor swimming pools where the bottom exposed",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C39",
   "claim": "Ohio's code counts a big window low to the floor as a hazardous location when four things are true at once: the pane is larger than 9 square feet, its bottom edge is less than 18 inches above the floor, its top edge is more than 36 inches above the floor, and a walking surface is within 36 inches of it.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "The exposed area of an individual pane is larger than 9 square feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C40",
   "claim": "Ohio's code still has a rule written for jalousie and louvered windows: the glass in them must be not less than nominal three-sixteenths of an inch thick and not more than 48 inches long, with smooth exposed edges, and wired glass with wire exposed on its longitudinal edges may not be used in them at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Wired glass with wire exposed on longitudinal edges shall not be used",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C41",
   "claim": "Ohio's code asks that every pane of glazing in one of those hazardous locations carry a manufacturer's designation, visible in the final installation, saying who applied it, what type of glass it is and which safety glazing standard it meets, acid etched, sandblasted, ceramic-fired, laser etched, embossed or of a type that once applied cannot be removed without being destroyed.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the type of glass and the safety glazing standard with which it complies",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C42",
   "claim": "Ohio's code sends the test itself to the federal standard: glazing must be tested in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR 1201 and meet Category II unless a table says otherwise, and where small panes in a multi-pane assembly are labeled, the code has them marked CPSC 16 CFR 1201 or ANSI Z97.1.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "shall be tested in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR 1201",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C43",
   "claim": "Every sleeping room in Ohio needs at least one operable emergency escape and rescue opening: a net clear opening of not less than 5.7 square feet, a net clear height of not less than 24 inches and a net clear width of not less than 20 inches, with a grade floor or below-grade opening allowed 5 square feet; where a window is that opening its sill may be no more than 44 inches above the floor, and it must work from inside the room without keys, tools or special knowledge.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "have a net clear opening of not less than 5.7 square feet",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C45",
   "claim": "Ohio writes two exemptions for replacement windows: one lets a replacement window skip the escape opening's minimum size and sill height where it is the manufacturer's largest standard size that fits the existing frame or rough opening, of the same operating style or one that opens at least as far, and not part of a change of occupancy; the other, an Ohio amendment, allows minor reductions in the clear opening of replacement doors and windows caused by different materials.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Minor reductions in the clear opening dimensions of replacement doors and windows",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-1-01, Administration (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 1)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-1-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C46",
   "claim": "Ohio's energy table puts every Central Ohio county in climate zone 5A - Franklin, Delaware, Licking, Fairfield, Madison, Union, Pickaway, Morrow and Knox among them - and in that zone it caps a new house's skylight U-factor at 0.55 while asking nothing at all of the solar heat gain coefficient.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "INSULATION AND FENESTRATION REQUIREMENTS BY COMPONENT",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C47",
   "claim": "Ohio's energy chapter publishes default U-factors for windows with no rated label, and they are a fair map of what the eras built: a metal frame with a single pane at 1.20 and with a double pane at 0.80, a metal frame with a thermal break at 1.10 and 0.65, and a nonmetal or metal-clad frame at 0.95 and 0.55.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "DEFAULT GLAZED WINDOW",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C48",
   "claim": "The window rules in the Residential Code of Ohio that a Central Ohio house is built to today took effect on July 1, 2019, and each rule prints its own earlier dates: chapter 3, which holds the glazing and escape opening sections, was in force before that from May 27, 2006, January 1, 2013, July 1, 2014 and January 1, 2016, and the energy chapter from January 1, 2008, January 1, 2009, January 1, 2013 and July 1, 2014.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Habitable rooms shall have an aggregate glazing area",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 11)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-6-01, Wall construction (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 6, Section 607 Glass Unit Masonry)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-6-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
     "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-1-01, Administration (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 1)",
     "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-1-01",
     "published": "2019-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C49",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission issued the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials on January 6, 1977, and the standard took effect on July 6, 1977, with a later date of January 6, 1980 for glazing in assemblies meant to retard the passage of fire.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "The effective date of this part 1201 shall be July 6, 1977 except",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Amends Mandatory Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (news release)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2016/CPSC-Amends-Mandatory-Safety-Standard-for-Architectural-Glazing-Materials",
     "published": "2016-03-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C50",
   "claim": "The standard, codified at 16 CFR part 1201, covers glazing in five kinds of architectural product: storm doors or combination doors, doors both exterior and interior, bathtub doors and enclosures, shower doors and enclosures, and sliding glass doors of the patio type.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Shower doors and enclosures.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C51",
   "claim": "Shower doors and enclosures and bathtub doors and enclosures are Category II products under that standard, the same class as patio sliding doors and as a storm or combination door with any pane larger than 9 square feet.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Bathtub doors and enclosures.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C52",
   "claim": "The standard exempts several things a homeowner will recognize: the louvers of jalousie doors, an opening in a door too small for a 3-inch sphere to pass through, and wired glass used in doors or assemblies to retard the passage of fire where a fire ordinance requires them.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "Louvers of jalousie doors;",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C53",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission amended the standard on March 23, 2016, replacing its own 1977 test procedures with those of the voluntary standard ANSI Z97.1-2015.",
   "status": "verified",
   "quote": "tested in accordance with all of the applicable test provisions of ANSI Z97.1-2015",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
     "published": "2016-03"
    },
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
     "title": "CPSC Amends Mandatory Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (news release)",
     "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2016/CPSC-Amends-Mandatory-Safety-Standard-for-Architectural-Glazing-Materials",
     "published": "2016-03-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C54",
   "claim": "The Consumer Product Safety Commission's standard defines the two kinds of glass a modern bathroom is glazed with: tempered glass is specially heat treated or chemically treated glass that cannot be cut, drilled, ground or polished after treatment without fracture, and laminated glass is two or more pieces of glass bonded to an intervening layer or layers of resilient plastic material.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "means a piece of specially heat treated or chemically treated glass",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
     "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
     "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
     "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C55",
   "claim": "Nothing in the county's record says what windows a house has: the Franklin County Auditor's dwelling extract carries 44 columns, including style, stories, attic, basement, finished basement area, exterior wall, heat, year built and year remodeled, and not one of them names a window or its glazing.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "STYLE STORIES ATTIC BSMT FINBSMTAREA EXTWALL",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "Franklin County Auditor",
     "title": "Outside User Files: 2026-08-15 Appraisal, Tab-Delimited (Dwelling.txt), column header row",
     "url": "https://apps.franklincountyauditor.com/Outside_User_Files/2026/2026-08-15%20Appraisal/Tab-Delimited.zip",
     "published": "undated"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C56",
   "claim": "The Census Bureau's Characteristics of New Housing does not measure windows either: its annual tables run from air-conditioning and bathrooms through exterior wall material, fireplaces, foundation, framing, heating fuel and square feet, and carry no window item at all.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "Annual Characteristics of New Housing for 2025 were published on July 1, 2026",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "Characteristics of New Housing, current annual characteristics tables (2025 data, published July 1, 2026)",
     "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/current.html",
     "published": "2026-07-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "C57",
   "claim": "The American Housing Survey does count window work, but only inside a category it shares with doors: its windows and doors category covers adding or replacing windows and skylights and replacing worn-out storm doors, windows or screens, and excludes seasonal storm windows and the replacement of windowpanes as routine maintenance.",
   "status": "single",
   "quote": "the replacement of worn-out storm doors, windows, or screens",
   "sources": [
    {
     "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
     "title": "2023 American Housing Survey Definitions",
     "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/2023/2023%20AHS%20Definitions.pdf",
     "published": "2023"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "conflicts": [
  {
   "claim_id": "C49",
   "a": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977",
   "a_source": "S07",
   "b": "On January 6, 1977 (42 FR 1427) ... the Commission issued the Safety Standard",
   "b_source": "S15",
   "printed": "print neither page number. The two agree on the date and differ only on which Federal Register page is cited: the eCFR's source line gives the page where the codified section begins, the Commission's rule gives the page where the Federal Register document begins. The page number does not print."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C18",
   "a": "Assigned to The Thermopane Company, Toledo, Ohio, on the 1934 application granted in 1936",
   "a_source": "S08",
   "b": "Thermopane is usually described as a Libbey-Owens-Ford product of the 1930s (the brief's premise; no source found)",
   "b_source": "none",
   "printed": "print A. The primary record names a separate Toledo company. Later Haven applications from December 1935 onward list Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co as assignee in a Google Patents result listing, but the individual patent pages returned HTTP 503 and were never opened, so no claim is made about when or how the product passed to Libbey-Owens-Ford."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C11",
   "a": "Aluminum windows dominate the market (National Park Service, 1984)",
   "a_source": "S02",
   "b": "Metal or aluminum frames in 47.40 million of 123.53 million homes in 2020, the largest single frame material nationally but not a majority (Energy Information Administration)",
   "b_source": "S13",
   "printed": "print both, dated. These are not in conflict: one is a statement about what was being sold in 1984, the other a count of what standing homes carried in 2020. The page must date the 1984 sentence, or a reader will take it for a present-tense claim."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C53",
   "a": "News release dated March 11, 2016 (Consumer Product Safety Commission)",
   "a_source": "S23",
   "b": "Amendment published at 81 FR 15431, March 23, 2016 (eCFR); the Commission's own document leaves the effective date as a blank to be filled 30 days after publication",
   "b_source": "S07",
   "printed": "print the March 23, 2016 amendment date and nothing else. The three dates are a news release, a Federal Register publication and an unstated effective date, and the page must not turn any of them into 'the test changed on'. Found by the verifier 2026-09-07; the sheet had said 'since March 2016', which reads as an effective date."
  },
  {
   "claim_id": "C35",
   "a": "The 1879 heading is 'Sash, Door and Blind Manufacturers' with nine firms under it (G. J. Brand & Co.)",
   "a_source": "S12",
   "b": "The 1913 headings are 'SASH, DOORS AND BLINDS' and 'DOORS, SASH AND BLINDS', cross-referring to each other, listing lumber and supply firms (R. L. Polk & Co.)",
   "b_source": "S22",
   "printed": "print both, as different things. The sheet had said the 1913 directory 'still carried the same heading'; it does not, and the 1913 lists are not lists of mills. Found by the verifier 2026-09-07 when the 1913 classified section was read again."
  }
 ],
 "sources": [
  {
   "id": "S01",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Briefs 9: The Repair of Historic Wooden Windows (John H. Myers)",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-09-wood-windows.pdf",
   "published": "1981"
  },
  {
   "id": "S02",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Briefs 13: The Repair and Thermal Upgrading of Historic Steel Windows (Sharon C. Park, AIA)",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-13-steel-windows.pdf",
   "published": "1984"
  },
  {
   "id": "S03",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Briefs 3: Improving Energy Efficiency in Historic Buildings (Jo Ellen Hensley and Antonio Aguilar)",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/upload/preservation-brief-03-energy-efficiency.pdf",
   "published": "2011"
  },
  {
   "id": "S04",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior",
   "title": "Preservation Briefs (index page listing each brief's author and year)",
   "url": "https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1739/preservation-briefs.htm",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S05",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-3-01, Building planning (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 3)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-3-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S06",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-11-01, Energy efficiency (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 11)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-11-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S07",
   "publisher": "Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration (eCFR)",
   "title": "16 CFR Part 1201, Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials",
   "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/chapter-II/subchapter-B/part-1201",
   "published": "42 FR 1441, Jan. 6, 1977, as amended through 81 FR 15431, Mar. 23, 2016"
  },
  {
   "id": "S08",
   "publisher": "United States Patent and Trademark Office",
   "title": "U.S. Patent 2,030,869, Multi-ply glass sheet glazing unit (Charles D. Haven)",
   "url": "https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/2030869",
   "published": "1936-02-18"
  },
  {
   "id": "S09",
   "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Windows and Daylighting (U.S. Department of Energy)",
   "title": "High-Performance Window Demonstrates Berkeley Lab-to-Market Success",
   "url": "https://windows.lbl.gov/news/article/high-performance-window-demonstrates",
   "published": "2021-03-12"
  },
  {
   "id": "S10",
   "publisher": "Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Building Technology and Urban Systems (U.S. Department of Energy)",
   "title": "Low-e Windows and Five Decades of Development: Saving Consumers Billions in Energy Costs",
   "url": "https://windows.lbl.gov/sites/default/files/low%20e%20windows.pdf",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S11",
   "publisher": "Smithsonian Libraries and Archives",
   "title": "[Collected sales literature on Insulux glass blocks], Owens-Illinois Glass Company",
   "url": "https://www.si.edu/object/siris_sil_117229",
   "published": "1937"
  },
  {
   "id": "S12",
   "publisher": "G. J. Brand & Co., Columbus (read on the Internet Archive)",
   "title": "Columbus City Directory for 1879",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/columbusohiocity00unse_3",
   "published": "1879"
  },
  {
   "id": "S13",
   "publisher": "U.S. Energy Information Administration",
   "title": "2020 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, Table HC2.7, Structural and geographic characteristics of homes in the Northeast and Midwest regions",
   "url": "https://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2020/hc/pdf/HC%202.7.pdf",
   "published": "2023-03 (final data release; preliminary March 2022)"
  },
  {
   "id": "S14",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "2023 American Housing Survey Definitions",
   "url": "https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/ahs/2023/2023%20AHS%20Definitions.pdf",
   "published": "2023"
  },
  {
   "id": "S15",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "Final Rule to Amend the Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (staff briefing package and draft Federal Register notice)",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/FinalRuleAmendSafetyStandardArchitecturalGlazingMaterials.pdf",
   "published": "2016-03"
  },
  {
   "id": "S16",
   "publisher": "Ohio Historical Marker program, Ohio History Connection",
   "title": "Marker 21-32, The Glass Industry of Findlay (Hancock County)",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/21-32-the-glass-industry-of-findlay/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S17",
   "publisher": "Ohio Historical Marker program, Ohio History Connection",
   "title": "Marker 5-74, Fostoria, Ohio - Home of Fostoria Glass (Seneca County)",
   "url": "https://remarkableohio.org/marker/5-74-fostoria-ohio-home-of-fostoria-glass/",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S18",
   "publisher": "National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (National Register of Historic Places)",
   "title": "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, The Senator Theatre, Baltimore, Maryland",
   "url": "https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/feb460a2-6f9f-45ed-8773-4247814a25d1",
   "published": "1989"
  },
  {
   "id": "S20",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-6-01, Wall construction (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 6, Section 607 Glass Unit Masonry)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-6-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S21",
   "publisher": "Ohio Board of Building Standards (Residential Code of Ohio, at codes.ohio.gov)",
   "title": "Ohio Administrative Code rule 4101:8-1-01, Administration (Residential Code of Ohio chapter 1)",
   "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-administrative-code/rule-4101:8-1-01",
   "published": "2019-07-01"
  },
  {
   "id": "S22",
   "publisher": "R. L. Polk & Co. (read on the Internet Archive)",
   "title": "Columbus, Ohio City Directory, 1913",
   "url": "https://archive.org/details/columbusohiocity00unse_1",
   "published": "1913"
  },
  {
   "id": "S23",
   "publisher": "U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission",
   "title": "CPSC Amends Mandatory Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials (news release)",
   "url": "https://www.cpsc.gov/Newsroom/News-Releases/2016/CPSC-Amends-Mandatory-Safety-Standard-for-Architectural-Glazing-Materials",
   "published": "2016-03-11"
  },
  {
   "id": "S24",
   "publisher": "Franklin County Auditor",
   "title": "Outside User Files: 2026-08-15 Appraisal, Tab-Delimited (Dwelling.txt), column header row",
   "url": "https://apps.franklincountyauditor.com/Outside_User_Files/2026/2026-08-15%20Appraisal/Tab-Delimited.zip",
   "published": "undated"
  },
  {
   "id": "S25",
   "publisher": "U.S. Census Bureau",
   "title": "Characteristics of New Housing, current annual characteristics tables (2025 data, published July 1, 2026)",
   "url": "https://www.census.gov/construction/chars/current.html",
   "published": "2026-07-01"
  }
 ]
}