Manufactured homes and trailer parks in Central Ohio

A manufactured home is the one house in Ohio built to a federal standard instead of to the state's residential code. The construction and safety standards the Department of Housing and Urban Development wrote took effect on June 15, 1976, and a certification label on each transportable section is what shows a home was built to them. Ohio's own law reaches such a home at its installation, its foundation and the park it may stand in rather than at its construction. This page sets out the federal bathroom and plumbing sections in their own words and dates, Ohio's statutes and rules with their effective dates, what Columbus called a trailer camp, and what the Census Bureau counted. It never says what a home built before that date was built to.

Last updated September 2026 · The 1974 act at the Statutes at Large, the standards in the Federal Register of December 18, 1975 and in the eCFR, Ohio's statutes and rules at codes.ohio.gov, two Legislative Service Commission bill analysis documents, the City Bulletin and City of Columbus annual reports in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's collection, and the Census Bureau's own files were read September 2026 · No prices on this page; the Estimate Builder carries those · Part of the knowledge base

The names, the act and the line of June 15, 1976

What federal law calls a manufactured home

The federal rules sit in three places, all national: the statute in title 42 of the United States Code, the construction and safety standards at 24 CFR part 3280, and the enforcement rule at part 3282. The statute defines a manufactured home as a structure, transportable in one or more sections, that in the traveling mode is eight body feet or more wide or forty body feet or more long, or when erected on site is 320 or more square feet, designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and including the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning and electrical systems in it. That is 42 U.S.C. 5402(6), which has also said since October 21, 1998 that the term shall not include any self-propelled recreational vehicle.

The name is younger than the homes. The 1974 act used mobile home and a narrower test, eight body feet or more in width and thirty-two body feet or more in length; Public Law 96-399 of 1980 substituted manufactured home for mobile home wherever appearing in that act and widened the size test to the one in force today.

The act, and the date the standards took effect

Title VI of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1974, enacted August 22, 1974, was the National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974, and its purpose clause names reducing personal injuries, deaths and property damage from mobile home accidents and improving the quality and durability of mobile homes. The act took effect 180 days after enactment, but the standards carried a date of their own: HUD's notice in the Federal Register of December 18, 1975, at 40 FR 58754, says under the heading Effective date that these regulations are effective June 15, 1976, a line read for this page on a page image of the notice.

HUD's enforcement rule says what the date reaches. Under 24 CFR 3282.1(a) the standards apply to every manufactured home manufactured for sale to purchasers in the United States on or after June 15, 1976, and 3282.8(a) counts a home as manufactured on or after that date if it enters the first stage of production on or after it, while also reaching earlier homes carrying labels applied under 3282.205(d).

What shows which side of the line a home falls on is a label. HUD's homeowner page says all transportable sections built in the United States after June 15, 1976 must contain a certification label, and an archived HUD reference guide says the actual label affixed in the factory is red in color, two inches by four inches. That guide is an appraisal instruction for insured mortgages, a subject this site's page on the FHA and VA property standards owns.

This page says nothing about what a home built before that date was built to, because no record read for it says. HUD's own account of where its standards came from is that they were in substantial measure based on the Standard for Mobile Homes, NFPA 501B-1974 and ANSI A119.1-1975, which was not read here.

What Ohio calls one

Ohio keeps two categories and sorts them by the federal label. Section 3781.06(C)(4) of the Ohio Revised Code, effective January 1, 2025, defines a manufactured home as a building unit of closed construction fabricated in an off-site facility, constructed in conformance with the federal standards and carrying the permanent label certifying it. A mobile home, defined at section 4501.01(O) effective June 30, 2025 and taken into the manufactured homes chapter by section 4781.01(G), is a unit fabricated off site, more than thirty-five body feet long or 320 square feet when erected, built on a permanent chassis, that does not qualify as a manufactured home.

One Ohio record does name a year. Ohio Administrative Code 4781-6-03, as filed effective January 20, 2020, defines a mobile home as one constructed prior to 1976, and provides that for those installation standards a requirement for a manufactured home is also a requirement for a mobile home. Ohio's rule dates by calendar year and the federal line is June 15, 1976; this page does not merge them.

That chapter uses manufactured housing to mean manufactured homes and mobile homes together, and defines a manufactured home park as any tract of land on which three or more manufactured or mobile homes used for habitation are parked, whether free of charge or for revenue, excluding land used only to store or display homes for sale, a temporary park-camp and certain subdivided lots.

What the federal standards ask of the bathroom and the plumbing

Section 3280.1 says the standard covers the design, construction, transportation, fire safety, plumbing, heat-producing and electrical systems of manufactured homes and seeks to the maximum extent possible to establish performance requirements. Subpart G, sections 3280.601 to 3280.612, is the plumbing system; two bathroom rules sit outside it at 3280.103.

Several can be dated, and a standard speaks for its own edition. The 1.6-gallon water closet and the 2.5-gallon-a-minute limit on lavatory faucets, showerheads and sink faucets entered part 3280 in HUD's final rule published November 30, 2005, whose preamble names low consumption water closets (1.6 gallons per flush) and a maximum flow rate of 2.5 gallons per minute. The mixing valve paragraph entered in HUD's final rule published December 9, 2013, and the companion bathtub and whirlpool limit in HUD's correction rule published June 3, 2014, effective July 3, 2014; the 2021 roll-in shower rule moved the valve paragraph to 3280.607(b)(3)(vii).

Other sections have barely moved. The 1975 printing already required fixtures capable of resisting road shock and vibration, a shower receptor two to nine inches deep with walls to six feet above the bathroom floor, a hot water supply system including a listed water heater, a three-quarter-inch inlet marked Fresh Water Connection, the eighty-pound inlet pressure statement in the installation instructions, and the fifteen-minute shower pan leak test. Two things changed: the 1975 text asked for the manufacturer's name on each fixture where the current text reads name or trademark, and it put that inlet within the rear half of the length of the mobile home, which the current text does not.

The standard is still being amended. HUD adopted its most recent large revision in a final rule published September 16, 2024, set it to take effect March 17, 2025, and on February 25, 2025 published a rule saying that date is delayed until September 15, 2025. HUD's own timeline says HUD proposes the largest revision to the HUD Code, attaching that phrase to the 2022 proposal rather than the 2024 rule. The tubing standard these HUD rules incorporate is on this site's page on gas piping in a Central Ohio house.

Where the federal standards stop, and what Ohio keeps

Section 5403(d) of title 42 provides that whenever a federal manufactured home construction and safety standard is in effect, no state or political subdivision may keep a construction or safety standard for the same aspect of performance which is not identical to the federal one, and the Manufactured Housing Improvement Act of 2000 added that federal preemption shall be broadly and liberally construed. HUD's rule at 24 CFR 3282.11(d) tests a state rule by whether it can be enforced without impairing the Federal superintendence of the manufactured home industry, while letting a state keep consumer protections such as warranties.

Ohio says the same from its own side. Section 3781.184(A), effective March 30, 1999, provides that every manufactured home shall be built to the federal standards, that they shall be the exclusive construction and safety standards in this state, and that neither the state nor any political subdivision may set another. What that leaves Ohio is everything that is not construction: the installation, the foundation, the park and the zoning district. Section 4781.52 adds that the park tenancy sections do not preempt any housing, building, health, or safety codes.

The 2000 act also defined installation standards, at 42 U.S.C. 5402(19), as reasonable specifications for installing a manufactured home at the place of occupancy, including its siting, the joining of its sections and its stabilization, support or anchoring systems.

Ohio's agency, and the rules for installing a home

Ohio's park authority has moved twice. The Legislative Service Commission's final analysis of Am. Sub. H.B. 487 of the 129th General Assembly says the act transferred regulatory authority over manufactured home parks from the Department of Health and the Public Health Council to the Manufactured Homes Commission, and required it to adopt park rules not later than December 1, 2012.

The commission itself lasted five years. The Legislative Service Commission's final analysis of Am. Sub. H.B. 49 of the 132nd General Assembly says the act abolishes the Manufactured Homes Commission effective January 21, 2018 and transfers its duties to the Department of Commerce; section 4781.011, effective the same day, makes a reference to the commission in any statute or rule a reference to the department. That department says the Manufactured Homes Program is managed by two divisions: Real Estate and Professional Licensing for dealers, brokers and salespeople, and Industrial Compliance for installations, installers, inspectors and park operators.

Section 4781.14(A), effective January 21, 2018, gives that second division exclusive authority over manufactured home installers, installations, foundations and support systems, and states that it is the intent of the general assembly to preempt municipal corporations and other political subdivisions from regulating them. Section 4781.04(A)(1), effective September 30, 2021, requires uniform installation standards consistent with, and not less stringent than, HUD's model standards.

Those standards are chapter 4781-6 of the Administrative Code. Rule 4781-6-01, effective January 20, 2020 with prior effective dates of January 1, 2010 and June 2, 2011, adopts HUD's model installation standards at 24 CFR part 3285 with changes, and reaches every new manufactured home installed in Ohio on private property or in a park. Two departures are Ohio's own: it does not allow wood footings or wood foundations as provided in 24 C.F.R. 3285.312(a)(2), and it requires a twenty-eight-day compressive strength of three thousand pounds per square inch instead of the federal twelve hundred. Rule 4781-6-02(A)(1)(a) sets installation standards for used or relocated homes and says this includes HUD units and pre-HUD units; it governs how such a home is installed, never how it was built.

Section 4781.11, effective January 21, 2018, requires a person who installs manufactured housing to hold a state installer license or to work under the supervision of a license holder, and exempts a person installing a home for that person's own occupancy on land that person owns outside a park, while providing that such a person may claim no right or remedy under the chapter. Section 4781.07(A), effective December 29, 2023, lets the division certify municipal, township and county building departments, their staff, or a private third party to inspect foundations, support systems and installations, three years at a time.

Ohio's rules for a manufactured home park

Ohio's park rules are older than the federal home standards. Rule 4781-12-02, which requires a park license, lists prior effective dates of 7/1/1971, 6/1/1979, 9/6/1998 and 12/1/2012 before its current version of January 20, 2020, without saying which agency adopted each earlier one.

Section 4781.26(A), effective January 21, 2018, gives the Division of Industrial Compliance the exclusive power to adopt rules governing park plan review, flood plain permits, park licenses, and the location, layout, density, construction, drainage, sanitation, safety, and operation of manufactured home parks; subsection (B) requires homes in parks constructed after June 30, 1971 to stand fifteen feet apart side to side, ten feet end to side and five feet end to end. Section 4781.27 says no park shall be maintained or operated in this state without a license from the division, and requires an inspection before the first license and every year after.

The park plumbing rules still provide for homes that have none of their own. Rule 4781-12-14, effective January 20, 2020, says a park that accommodates homes not provided with a toilet, lavatory, and bath plumbing fixtures must have a park service building with a separate toilet room for each sex, and that no such home may stand more than two hundred feet from it. Rule 4781-12-15 asks one toilet, one lavatory and one bath fixture for each sex for each fifteen such homes or fraction thereof. Rule 4781-12-17 requires each outlet of a home's sanitary drainage system to connect directly to the park's lateral sanitary sewer and allows no discharge of sewage onto the surface of the ground.

Neither those rules nor anything else on this page covers a private well or a household sewage treatment system; this site's page on wells and septic and a Central Ohio bathroom owns that subject.

How township and county zoning treat a manufactured home

Zoning is the other half of what the federal standards leave to Ohio, and a 1999 act settled much of it. Since March 30, 1999 section 519.212(A) of the Revised Code has withheld from a township zoning commission, its trustees and its board of zoning appeals the authority to prohibit or restrict the location of a permanently sited manufactured home in any district or zone in which a single-family home is permitted. Section 303.212 carries the same rule in the same words for county rural zoning, and section 3781.184(C)(1) says it of any political subdivision.

What a township may still do is in the next division. Under 519.212(B)(1) it may hold such a home to the zoning regulations it applies uniformly to all single-family homes, except requirements that specify a minimum roof pitch and requirements that do not comply with the federal standards; under (B)(2) it may keep travel trailers, park trailers, mobile homes and manufactured homes that do not qualify as permanently sited out of residential districts. Division (C) leaves private deed covenants untouched.

Everything turns on the phrase permanently sited, which section 3781.06(C)(6) defines item by item: a permanent foundation with the connections it lists; twenty-two feet of width and twenty-two feet of length at one point; nine hundred square feet of living area, excluding garages, porches and attachments; a roof pitch of at least three in twelve; conventional residential siding; a six-inch eave overhang with guttering; manufacture after January 1, 1995; and a location outside a manufactured home park.

What else a township may regulate, and when each Central Ohio township came to zone, is on this site's page on township zoning and the county building code.

What Columbus called a trailer camp

Columbus's own records use the older word, and the earliest is not a rule at all. The Division of Parks and Forestry's report for 1938 says under the heading SUNSHINE that the trailer camp was enjoyed by many visitors during various conventions. It does not say who owned or ran the camp and gives no count of trailers; it is a trailer camp in a city park's own annual report, four years before the city wrote any rule for one.

The rule came in the spring of 1942. The City Bulletin of May 9, 1942 records ordinance No. 267-42, to provide for the regulation and licensing of trailer camps and the use of trailers therein, referred to the council's safety committee. The Bulletin of May 23, 1942 printed notice of a hearing on Monday, May 25, 1942 in connection with an ordinance to regulate trailer camps in the city of Columbus, and records a second ordinance, No. 295-42, referred to the same committee on May 18, 1942. Council passed that one as an emergency measure on May 25, 1942 and the Bulletin printed it in full on May 30, 1942. It made a camp license the building department's business: an application went to the division of building regulation with a plan showing the proposed location of toilets, bath and wash basin facilities, sinks, water faucets and sewer connections.

The definitions are wider than the word trailer suggests. A trailer camp was any lot or parcel of ground where accommodation is provided for one or more trailers used as living or sleeping quarters. A trailer was a trailer, house car, camp car or any vehicle or structure mounted on wheels or capable of being propelled from place to place and used for living or sleeping quarters. A trailer unit was land in a camp for not more than one trailer and its propelling vehicle.

Most of what follows is a plumbing ordinance. Each unit reserved for a trailer had to be not less than eight hundred square feet exclusive of driveways, level, free from rocks and weeds and well drained, with no trailer closer than ten feet to another trailer, to another building or to the property line, and the camp had to be supplied with pure and wholesome running water.

The fixtures were counted. Section 5(f)1 required water flushed plumbing connected to the sanitary sewer with separate facilities for each sex, prohibited chemical toilets or privies, and set not less than one water flushed toilet for each sex for every ten units or fraction of ten. The rest followed the same arithmetic: one urinal stall for each three toilets in the men's room, one wash basin for each three toilets, one shower or bath tub for each sex for each ten units or fraction of ten, and one slop sink for each four trailer units.

Nine years later the state took the subject over. The city attorney's report for 1951 records an opinion to the secretary of the Columbus Board of Health on repealing the city ordinance regulating and licensing trailer camps, because the General Assembly's enactment of General Code sections 1235-1 to 1235-5, effective August 8, 1951, placed that regulation, licensing and inspection under the board rather than the Building Department. No record read here shows whether the city ever repealed its ordinance.

After that the trailer camp is a health department line. The city's report for 1956 says the city inherited trailer camps by annexation, along with business and dwelling units that did not meet its regulations and ordinances, and that year's Report of General Sanitation and Housing Inspections counts fifty-one trailer park inspections and three major improvements. Its inspectors then recorded 283 consultations and 565 inspections at trailer parks in 1960, 389 and 744 in 1961, and 314 and 690 in 1962, and collected semi-public water samples at trailer parks each year, thirty in 1960, eight in 1961 and four in 1962. Every one of those counts consultations, inspections or samples, not parks, homes or households. The city's own plumbing permits and the fixtures they covered are counted on this site's page on Columbus plumbing permits and fixtures by year.

The counts, and what a count of mobile homes is not

The Census Bureau is the only body that has counted these homes across Ohio's counties, through the units in structure question. In the 2000 Census, table H30 of Summary File 3, universe housing units, counted 220,213 housing units in Ohio in the category printed simply as Mobile home, out of 4,783,051. That table sorts every unit into one of eleven categories, and Mobile home is a category of its own, distinct from the separate Boat, RV, van, etc. category. The county figures below are from the same table, vintage and universe.

As shares of each county's own housing units in that census, Pickaway County's was 12.32 percent and Franklin County's 1.05 percent.

The later figures are not a second census. No decennial census after 2000 asked a units in structure question; it moved to the American Community Survey, whose table B25024 uses the identical wording and universe but publishes five-year rolling estimates, each with a margin of error, where the 2000 figure is a long-form sample tabulation published without one. Setting a 2000 row beside a 2020-to-2024 row compares a census count with a survey estimate, so this page does not put them in one column. At the 2020 to 2024 vintage that survey estimates 181,742 Ohio housing units classed as mobile homes, plus or minus 3,307, of 5,292,391. The current county estimates are on this site already, for Delaware, Licking and Fairfield and for Union, Madison and Pickaway.

A different Census file counts new homes rather than standing ones. The Manufactured Housing Survey's coverage, in the Bureau's words, includes all new manufactured homes that have received a Federal inspection, and its by-state figures are collected by the Institute for Building Technology and Safety under contract to the Bureau. Ohio's shipments in that file fell from 7,504 in 1994, the first year it covers, to a low of 596 in 2009, the trough of the 2008 to 2009 national housing downturn, and have run in roughly the one thousand to twenty-three hundred a year range from 2011 through the first half of 2026, a partial year. The longer national series, which the Bureau says goes back to 1959, has no state breakdown.

What none of these counts is worth saying plainly. A count of housing units classed as mobile homes is never a count of parks, because a park can hold any number of homes, and never a count of households, because the universe of both tables is housing units and a vacant home counts. This site's page on how many houses Central Ohio builds each year, which reads the Building Permits Survey county by county, sets out the three kinds of housing that survey leaves out, manufactured homes built to the federal housing code among them. What a dwelling of an earlier era had in the way of a toilet, a bath or running water was counted by other surveys, on this site's page on Ohio's real property inventories and housing surveys, 1934 to 1940.

Sources

Every figure, date and quotation on this page comes from one of these documents, read on the date given. Where two of them disagree, the page says so.

• Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, 42 U.S.C. 5402, Definitions, with notes, preliminary edition, current through Public Law 119-101; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the eCFR, 24 CFR Part 3280, Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, eCFR issue of August 20, 2026; read September 2026.
• U.S. Government Publishing Office (Statutes at Large volume 88), Public Law 93-383, title VI, National Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974, August 22, 1974; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the Federal Register (govinfo), Federal Register vol. 40, no. 244, December 18, 1975, Part II: Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standards, 24 CFR Part 280, Docket No. R75-340 (40 FR 58752), December 18, 1975; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the eCFR, 24 CFR Part 3282, Manufactured Home Procedural and Enforcement Regulations, eCFR issue of August 20, 2026; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Manufactured Housing Homeowner Resources, undated; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (archived), HOC Reference Guide, Manufactured Homes: Age Requirements (Page 1-09c), content archived October 25, 2012; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 3781.06, Public buildings to be safe and sanitary - definitions, effective January 1, 2025; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4501.01, Motor vehicles definitions, effective June 30, 2025; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.01, Manufactured homes definitions, effective September 10, 2012; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce as filed, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-6-03, Reference publications and definitions for installation of new and used manufactured homes, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the Federal Register, Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, final rule (70 FR 72024), document 05-23387, November 30, 2005; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the Federal Register, Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards, final rule (78 FR 73966), document 2013-28775, December 9, 2013; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the Federal Register, Manufactured Housing Constructions and Safety Standards: Correction of Reference Standard, final rule (79 FR 31861), document 2014-12731, June 3, 2014; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, in the Federal Register, Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (89 FR 75704) and Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards; Postponing Effective Date (90 FR 10593), September 16, 2024 and February 25, 2025; read September 2026.
• U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, The Evolution of the HUD Code, 2024; read September 2026.
• Office of the Law Revision Counsel, U.S. House of Representatives, 42 U.S.C. 5403, Construction and safety standards, with notes, preliminary edition; read September 2026.
• U.S. Government Publishing Office (govinfo), Public Law 106-569, title VI, Manufactured Housing Improvement Act of 2000, December 27, 2000; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 3781.184, Manufactured homes, federal standards and permanently sited homes, effective March 30, 1999; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.52, Conflicting ordinances preempted, effective September 10, 2012; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission, Final Analysis, Am. Sub. H.B. 487, 129th General Assembly, 2012; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission, Final Analysis, Am. Sub. H.B. 49, 132nd General Assembly (corrected version), 2017; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.011, References to department or director, effective January 21, 2018; read September 2026.
• Ohio Department of Commerce, About the Manufactured Homes Program, undated; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.14, Exclusivity of authority, effective January 21, 2018; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.04, Adoption of rules, effective September 30, 2021; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-6-01, Installation of new manufactured homes, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-6-02, Installation standards for used manufactured homes, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.11, License required for installation, effective January 21, 2018; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.07, Certification of local authorities to exercise division authority, effective December 29, 2023; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-12-02, Application of rules; license for manufactured home parks, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.26, Rules of uniform application for manufactured home parks; contracts for inspections, effective January 21, 2018; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 4781.27, License to operate park, effective January 21, 2018; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-12-14, Park service building, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-12-15, Number of plumbing fixtures, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), rule of the Ohio Department of Commerce, Ohio Administrative Code 4781-12-17, Manufactured home connections, effective January 20, 2020; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 519.212, Location of permanently sited manufactured home, effective March 30, 1999; read September 2026.
• Ohio Legislative Service Commission (codes.ohio.gov), Ohio Revised Code 303.212, Limitations on powers - permanently sited manufactured homes, effective March 30, 1999; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1938, page 108, Division of Parks and Forestry, 1939; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, The City Bulletin, vol. XXVII, no. 19, May 9, 1942, May 9, 1942; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, The City Bulletin, vol. XXVII, no. 21, May 23, 1942, May 23, 1942; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, The City Bulletin, vol. XXVII, no. 22, May 30, 1942, page 165 (ordinance No. 295-42, sections 1 to 4), May 30, 1942; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, The City Bulletin, vol. XXVII, no. 22, May 30, 1942, page 166 (ordinance No. 295-42, sections 5 to 12), May 30, 1942; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1951, page 25, opinions of the Department of Law, 1952; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1956, page 16, health department narrative, 1957; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1956, page 17, Report of General Sanitation and Housing Inspections, 1957; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1960, page 31, Report of General Sanitation and Housing Inspection, 1961; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1961, page 37, Report of General Sanitation and Housing Inspection, 1962; read September 2026.
• City of Columbus, in the Columbus Metropolitan Library's digital collection, Annual Reports, City of Columbus, 1962, pages 28 and 29, Report of General Sanitation and Housing Inspection, 1963; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Ohio, data file 58 (table H30, Units in Structure), 2002; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Summary File 3, Ohio, geographic header file, 2002; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3 Technical Documentation, 2000; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2020-2024 five-year estimates, table B25024, Units in Structure (acsdt5y2024-b25024.dat), 2025; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Manufactured Housing Survey, Annual Shipments to States, 1994-2026, 2026; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Manufactured Housing Survey, About the Survey, undated; read September 2026.
• U.S. Census Bureau, Manufactured Housing Survey, Shipments of New Manufactured Homes: 1959-2020 (national total), 2021; read September 2026.

Common questions